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Kamikaze

A kamikaze pilot getting his last orders.

Kamikaze (Japanese: 神風; literally: "god-wind"; usual translation: "divine wind")[1] is a word of Japanese origin. It comes from the name the Japanese gave to a typhoon that destroyed the Mongol ships in the 13th century and saved the country from invasion. In Western culture, the word kamikaze is used to mean the suicide pilots of the Empire of Japan. Those pilots attacked the ships of the Allied Powers in the final years of World War II, during which they flew their planes into enemy ships. It has also come to mean other kinds of suicide attacks.

Most people in Western culture believe the word kamikaze was the name used by the Japanese military for pilots, but that is not true. Their correct name was tokubetsu kōgeki tai (特別攻撃隊), which literally means "special attack team." This is usually abbreviated tokkōtai (特攻隊) in a shortened form. The suicide attacks made by Navy pilots were called shinpū tokubetsu kōgeki tai (神風特別攻撃隊, "divine wind special attack team"). The American translators used a different style of pronunciation of the Japanese language by mistake, and read the word shinpū ("divine wind") as kamikaze, as those Japanese characters can be read both ways. The name became so well known after the war that Japanese also started using it.

History

 
Kiyoshi Ogawa, kamikaze pilot, hit the aircraft carrier USS Bunker Hill (see picture right).
 
USS Bunker Hill was hit by Ogawa (see picture left) and another kamikaze near Kyūshū on May 11, 1945. Out of a crew of 2,600, 372 sailors were killed.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Japanese Navy and its Air force were defeated in several important battles, like Midway and the Philippine Sea. They lost many ships (including nearly all the Japanese aircraft carriers), hundreds of fighter aircraft, and many of their best pilots. The Japanese industry was small and very poor compared to the American industry. For this reason, the United States replaced their lost ships and planes with better ones very quickly; but Japan could only make few, and of poor quality. During 1943-44, the Allied forces were moving towards Japan. At the Battle of the Philippine Sea, on June 19-20, 1944, the Japanese forces were pushed back to the Philippines.

On July 15, Saipan (in the Northern Mariana Islands) was captured by Allied forces. The capture of Saipan made it possible for the United States Army Air Force to attack Japan itself, using B-29 Superfortress bombers. After the fall of Saipan, the Japanese commanders knew that the Allies would try to capture the Philippines next. The Philippines were very important because they were located between the oil fields of Southeast Asia and Japan. If Japan lost control over the Philippines, they would have little fuel left for their ships. On October 17, the Allies started the attack on the Philippines in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi was in charge of the Japanese Air Force in Manila. He understood that it was impossible to win the battle with so few aircraft and trained pilots. For this reason, he decided to form a suicide attack force, the Special Attack Unit. A group of 24 student pilots volunteered for the mission. The Special Attack force was organized into 4 groups, Unit Shikishima, Unit Yamato, Unit Asahi, and Unit Yamazakura. These names were taken from a patriotic poem (waka or tanka), written by the Japanese classical poet, Motoori Norinaga: (敷島の 大和心を 人問はば 朝日に匂う 山桜花). The poem reads: "Shikishima no Yamato-gokoro wo hito towaba, asahi ni niou yamazakura bana

  If someone asks about the Yamato spirit (Spirit of Old/True Japan) of Shikishima (a poetic name for Japan) - it is the flowers of yamazakura (mountain cherry blossom) that are fragrant in the Asahi (rising sun).[2]

(A less literal translation could be read as: If someone asks about the spirit of Japan, it is the flowers of mountain cherry blossoms that are fragrant in the rising sun.)

 
 
USS Columbia is attacked by a kamikaze on January 6, 1945.
 
The kamikaze hits Columbia, killing 13 sailors and injuring 44.

The Japanese were defeated at the battle of Leyte Gulf, but the Special Attack force had great success. The first kamikaze attack took place on October 21, 1944, against the flagship of the Royal Australian Navy, HMAS Australia.[3] 30 sailors died in the attack, including its Captain Emile Dechaineux, and many more were wounded. By October 26, 47 more Allied ships had been attacked. Most of them were badly damaged or sunk, like the United States aircraft carrier USS St. Lo.[4]

This early success convinced the Japanese commanders to continue the kamikaze attacks. Many more pilots were recruited to act as kamikaze. Over the next few months, more than 2,000 planes made such attacks. When the Japanese stock of airplanes began to run low, new models of low quality were built for these missions. Some of them, like the Nakajima Ki-115 Tsurugi, were made mostly of wood and used stocks of older engines. The plane's landing gear was usually dropped by the pilot after takeoff so it could be used by other aircraft, because he would not be landing again. Similar suicide attack programs were planned, including rocket bombs with pilots (called Ohka) and submarine torpedoes (Kaiten).

The high point of kamikaze attacks came from April 6 to May 25, 1945 during the Battle of Okinawa, in Operation Kikusui ("floating chrysanthemums"). In that time, seven important waves of attacks took place, with more than 1,500 kamikaze planes. Because their training had been too short and their airplanes were poorly made, kamikaze pilots were easy targets for the experienced Allied pilots, who also had much better planes. But still, the kamikaze who escaped the anti-aircraft fire and the enemy fighter airplanes did great damage to the Allied fleet. The Allies won the battle, but they lost many ships and men because of kamikaze attacks. By the end of the battle, at least 21 American ships had been sunk by kamikazes. Some ships from other Allied navies were also sunk, and dozens more were damaged.[5]

Hundreds of extra kamikaze planes were ready to defend Japan from invasion. However, with Japan's surrender on August 15 after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the declaration of war by the Soviet Union, they were never used again.

Effects

The most important effect of the attacks was creating fear among the Allied troops. When the American ships went to the last battles, the crews were very afraid of kamikaze pilots. By the end of World War II, the Japanese Navy had sacrificed 2,525 kamikaze pilots, and the Air force had lost 1,387. The Japanese government said, the missions sank 81 ships and damaged 195. They also claimed that the kamikaze attacks were the cause of 80% of Allied deaths in the last years of the War.

The American sources claim that kamikaze sunk less ships than the Japanese say. But still, they agree that they did very important damage. According to a U.S. Air Force source, the kamikaze attackers sunk 34 Navy ships, damaged 368 others, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded over 4,800.[6] In a 2010 book, the historian Robin Rielly said that about 60 U.S. ships were sunk by kamikazes, and over 400 were damaged by them.[7]

Kamikaze beliefs

 
High school girls say farewell to Kamikaze pilots with cherry blossom branches at the Battle of Okinawa, on April 12, 1945.

Many kamikaze pilots offered themselves as volunteers for the mission. They were usually very young, between 18 and 24 years old. Their belief was that dying when striking the enemies of Japan and the Emperor down was a very honorable death. This principle was traditional since the days of the samurai, and gave great importance to the sense of duty and obedience. This idea was called Giri ("Obligation"), and was part of the code of conduct of the Japanese warriors since the Middle Ages, the Bushido. Many young men sacrificed themselves by their free will because these beliefs and their love for the home land were the most important things for them. The tokkōtai pilot's manual told pilots to never close their eyes. This was because if a pilot closed his eyes he would miss his target.[8][9] In the final moments before the crash, the pilot was to shout "Hissatsu!" ("Critical Strike!") as loud as he could.[10]

However, many others did so because of social pressure. Not offering oneself as a volunteer was a sign of cowardice and dishonor. Several professional pilots who were ordered to do suicide attacks did it because of military obedience, not because of honor. One of the first kamikaze pilots, Lieutenant Yukio Seki, wrote after nearly being forced to volunteer:

Japan's future is pale if it is forced to kill one of its best pilots. I am not going on this mission for the Emperor or for the Empire... I am going because I was ordered to.[11]

A special ceremony before going to combat usually took place. Pilots drank sake and ate a ball of rice. They were given medals, and a katana sword. They put on a headband with the rising sun, and a sennibari, a "belt of a thousand stitches" made by a thousand women, who made one stitch each.[12] Many times, they took prayers written by their families with them.[13] According to legend, young pilots on kamikaze missions many times flew southwest from Japan over the 922-metre (~3000 ft) Mount Kaimon. Suicide mission pilots looked over their shoulders to see this, and said farewell to their country. Another legend says that kamikaze pilots dropped flowers from the air, as they departed on their final missions. Some places, like the hills near Kikajima airport, are said to have beds of cornflower that in early May from those days.[14]

Some important military men who survived the war criticized the kamikaze plan years after. Saburo Sakai, a war time ace pilot said:

A kamikaze is a surprise attack, according to our ancient war tactics. Surprise attacks will be successful the first time, maybe two or three times. But what fool would continue the same attacks for ten months? Emperor Hirohito must have realized it. He should have said "Stop."

Kamikaze Media

  • Kamikaze was a reference to the two typhoons that sank or dispersed Kublai Khan's invading Mongol fleets.

  • Lt. Yoshinori Yamaguchi's Yokosuka D4Y3 (Type 33 Suisei) "Judy" in a suicide dive against USS Essex on 25 November 1944. The attack left 15 killed and 44 wounded. The dive brakes are extended and the non-self-sealing port wing tank trails fuel vapor and/or smoke.

  • Model 52c Zeros ready to take part in a kamikaze attack (early 1945)

  • A kamikaze aircraft explodes after crashing into Essex's flight deck amidships 25 November 1944.

  • Rear Admiral Masafumi Arima

  • 26 May 1945. Corporal Yukio Araki, holding a puppy, with four other pilots of the 72nd Shinbu Squadron at Bansei, Kagoshima. Araki died the following day, at the age of 17, in a suicide attack on ships near Okinawa.

  • St Lo attacked by kamikazes, 25 October 1944

  • Starboard horizontal stabilizer from the tail of a "Judy" on the deck of USS Kitkun Bay. The "Judy" made a run on the ship approaching from dead astern; it was met by effective fire and the aircraft passed over the island and exploded. Parts of the aircraft and the pilot were scattered over the flight deck and the forecastle.

  • An A6M Zero (A6M2 Model 21) towards the end of its run at the escort carrier USS White Plains on 25 October 1944. The aircraft exploded in mid-air moments after the picture was taken, scattering debris across the deck.

Related pages

References

  1. ↑ In the Nara period, pronounced "Kamukaze", it was a word in rhetorics of waka introducing Ise Province.
  2. ↑ Morris, Ivan (1975). The nobility of failure: tragic heroes in the history of Japan. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 289–90. ISBN 978-0-0301-0811-2.
  3. ↑ Nichols, Robert (2004). "The first kamikaze attack?". Wartime. Australian War Memorial (28). Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  4. ↑ Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945. Random House. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-8129-6858-3.
  5. ↑ "Casualties: U.S. Navy and Coast Guard Vessels, Sunk or Damaged Beyond Repair during World War II, 7 December 1941-1 October 1945". Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
  6. ↑ Hallion, Richard P. "Precision weapons, power projection and the revolution in military affairs". United States Air Force Historical Studies Office. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
  7. ↑ Rielly, Robin L. (2010). Kamikaze Attacks of World War II: A Complete History of Japanese Suicide Strikes on American Ships, by Aircraft and Other Means. McFarland. pp. 317–324. ISBN 978-0-78644-654-4.
  8. ↑ Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko (2006). Kamikaze Diaries - Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-61951-4. |pages=1-11
  9. ↑ Axell, Albert and Kase, Hideaki (September 7, 2009). Advice to Japanese kamikaze pilots during the second world war. Guardian News and Media Ltd. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/07/japanese-kamikaze-pilots-second-world-war. 
  10. ↑ "Advice to Japanese kamikaze pilots during the second world war". The Guardian. 7 September 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japanese-kamikaze-pilots-second-world-war. Retrieved 30 July 2020. 
  11. ↑ Axell, Albert; Kase, Hideaki (2002). Kamikaze: Japan's suicide gods. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-77232-X. | page=16
  12. ↑ Sheftall, Mordecai G. (2005). Blossoms in the wind: human legacies of the Kamikaze. NAL Caliber. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-45121-487-4.[dead link]
  13. ↑ Rottman, Gordon L. and Welply, Michaël (2005). Japanese Infantryman 1937-45: Sword of The Empire. Osprey Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84176-818-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[dead link]
  14. ↑ "The birth of the kamikaze". The Minaret: The Islamic Magazine. Islamic Center of Southern California. 26 (1–10): 31. 2004.

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