Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat[2] (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the
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|---|---|
.jpg) Sadat in 1978 | |
| 3rd President of Egypt | |
| In office 15 October 1970 – 6 October 1981 Acting: 28 September 1970 – 15 October 1970 | |
| Prime Minister | See list
|
| Vice President | See list
|
| Preceded by | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| Succeeded by | Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting) |
| Prime Minister of Egypt | |
| In office 15 May 1980 – 6 October 1981 | |
| President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Mustafa Khalil |
| Succeeded by | Hosni Mubarak |
| In office 26 March 1973 – 25 September 1974 | |
| President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Aziz Sedki |
| Succeeded by | Abd El Aziz Muhammad Hegazi |
| Vice President of Egypt | |
| In office 19 December 1969 – 14 October 1970 | |
| President | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| Preceded by | Hussein el-Shafei |
| Succeeded by | Ali Sabri |
| In office 17 February 1964 – 26 March 1964 | |
| President | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| Preceded by | Hussein el-Shafei |
| Succeeded by | Zakaria Mohieddin |
| Speaker of the National Assembly of Egypt | |
| In office 21 July 1960 – 20 January 1969 | |
| President | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| Preceded by | Abdel Latif Boghdadi |
| Succeeded by | Mohamed Labib Skokeir |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 25 December 1918 Monufia, Sultanate of Egypt |
| Died | 6 October 1981 (aged 62) Cairo, Egypt |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Political party | National Democratic Party |
| Other political affiliations | Arab Socialist Union |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Children | 7; 2 with Eqbal, 5 with Jehan |
| Alma mater | University of Alexandria |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Egypt |
| Branch/service | Egyptian Army |
| Years of service | 1938–1952 |
| Rank |  Colonel |
third President of Egypt. He served from 15 October 1970 until he was assassinated by Islamic extremists on 6 October 1981.
Early life
Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was born in 1918 into a family with 13 children, and attended a military school.[3] After his graduation, he was sent to an outpost where he met and became a close friend of Gamal Abdel Nasser. There, the two of them became part of a group of young soldiers who later became the Free Officers group (both Nasser and Sadat were colonels) that overthrew the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.[3] Nasser became the president after the revolution, and Sadat served as one of Nasser's ministers until he died in 1970.
Presidency
Sadat was chosen as president because Nasser's supporters saw him as someone who they could control. They did not think he would be president for very long.[4] However, in his eleven years as president Sadat changed a lot of the things Nasser had set in place, and made Egypt respected for its military strength and political power in the Middle East. On 6 October 1973, Sadat started the October War together with Syria, to try to take back the land Israel had taken from them six years earlier in the Six-Day War. The Egyptian army was very successful at the start of the war, and their advance across the Suez Canal into the Sinai Peninsula surprised Israel and the rest of the world. This success made Sadat a hero in Egypt, and for a time throughout the Arab World.
Sadat visited Israel in 1977 and made a speech in front of the Knesset about what he thought was the best way to bring about peace with them.[5] He was the first Arab leader to visit Israel and make peace with them.[6] In 1978, he signed a peace treaty with Israel.[7] This won him the Nobel Peace Prize,[5] but made him very unpopular among other Arabs who did not support peace with Israel. This led to Egypt being suspended from the Arab League at that time.[8][9][10][11]
Death
Many Islamists were very angry about the peace treaty. They made plans to take over the Egyptian government and kill all the main leaders, so that they could bring Egypt back to having an Islamic government instead of a secular one. In February 1981, the Egyptian government heard of this plan. In September that year, Sadat ordered over 1500 people arrested because he thought they might be part of the plot. These people included Islamists, but also the Bishop and other clergy, and many of Egypt's top intellectuals and activists.[12] This arrest was very unpopular. However, Sadat missed a group of Islamists in the military who were led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. This group assassinated Sadat on 6 October during the victory parade celebrating the crossing into the Sinai Peninsula.[12] Eleven other people were killed in the attack, and 28 were wounded. At the same time, Islamists also took control of the city of Asyut for a few days.
Funeral
Sadat's funeral was attended by many important people from around the world, including Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and Richard Nixon, but only three Arab nations sent representatives, and only Sudan's head of state attended. Sadat was succeeded by his vice-president Hosni Mubarak.[6]
Anwar Sadat Media
Sadat graduating from the military college in 1938
Muhammed Naguib colors
Nasser_and_Sadat_in_National_Assembly
Top Egyptian leaders of the Arab Socialist Union in Alexandria. From left to right: President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat, ASU head Ali Sabri, and Vice President Hussein el-Shafei, August 1968
Sadat addressing the Arab Socialist Union in 1971
Sadat (sitting on the left side), Hafiz al-Assad (sitting on the right side) and Muammar Gaddafi (sitting in the centre) signing the Federation of Arab Republics in Benghazi, Libya, on April 18, 1971
National Archives - Egypt - National Security Council. Central Intelligence Agency. (09/18/1947 - 12/04/1981). - This film documents how 1972 marked a shift in Egypt's relationship with the Soviet Union and why this period of time was a crossroads in Egyptian politics. - DVD Copied by IASL Scanner John Williams. - ARC 1687981 / LI 263.1363
Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on October 7, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War
President Anwar Sadat and Ahmed Ismail In the re-opening of Suez Canal, June 5, 1974
President Jimmy Carter shaking hands with Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at the signing of the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty on the grounds of the White House, 1979
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References
- ↑ Finklestone, Joseph (2013), Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared, Routledge, ISBN 978-1135195656,
Significantly, Anwar Sadat did not mention aspects in his early life...It was in Mit Abul-Kum that Eqbal Afifi, the woman who was his wife for ten years and whom he left, was also born. Her family was of higher social standing than Anwar's, being of Turkish origin...
- ↑ Arabic: محمد أنور السادات, Muḥammad Anwar as-Sādāt
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Anwar al-Sadat". Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ↑ "The Corrective Revolution in Egypt 1971". Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alagna, Magdalena (2004). Anwar Sadat. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0823944646.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated. 6 October 1981. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2515000/2515841.stm. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ↑ Kelman, Herbert (1997). "Group processes in the resolution of international conflicts: Experiences from the Israeli-Palestinian case" (PDF). American Psychologist. 52 (3): 212–220. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.3.212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ↑ "Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever". 21 August 2010 – via Huff Post.
- ↑ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (4th edition ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 443.
- ↑ "Courses". learn.diplomacy.edu.
- ↑ "Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008). A brief history of Egypt. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0816066728.