Yom Kippur War
| Yom Kippur War (October War) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cold War and Arab–Israeli conflict | |||||||||
 Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on October 7 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 IsraelSupported by:  NATO: United States United Kingdom France West Germany Spain Portugal Italy |
Supported by: Soviet Union East Germany Cuba North Korea Saudi Arabia Iraq Algeria Jordan Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Pakistan Lebanon | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
Israel:
375,000–400,000 troops |
Egypt:
650,000–850,000 troops (200,000 troops crossed into Sinai) Syria:
150,000 troops | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Israel:
2,500–5,000 dead |
Egypt: 2,000–10,000 dead | ||||||||
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The Yom Kippur War (also known as the Ramadan War and the October War) happened between Israel and a group of Arab countries, led by Egypt and Syria, from October 6 to 24, 1973. The war began on the Jewish day of repentance, Yom Kippur, and happened during the Muslim month of Ramadan, when the army was fasting. The attack by Egypt and Syria was a surprise to Israel, which had conquered the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights from Egypt in 1967 in retaliation for attacks against Israel that ultimately resulted in the occupation of Gaza.
Background
The Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights had belonged to Egypt and Syria but became occupied by Israel since 1967 during the Six Day War. Syria's aim of the war was to liberate all of the Golan Heights.
Battles
During the first few days of the war, both Egypt and Syria scored victories. Israel was shocked by the attack and was about to be defeated. The first Israeli counterattacks failed against both Egypt and Syria. However, Israeli attacks later repelled the Syrian forces and pushed them back. The Iraqi Army joined the war, and the Israeli Army stopped advancing.
On the Egyptian front, Israel's attacks against Syria had served as a 'distraction' against the Egyptian offense. That allowed the Egyptian army to dig around 12 km deeper into Sinai, an extra 2 km to the original plan. Israel feared a massive military defeat and so called on America for aid. Initially, The US refused and so Israel threatened to use its nuclear weapons. That was enough to persuade US President Richard Nixon to send aid to Israel. America conducted Operation Nickel Grass, which gave Israel a resupply of 22,000 tons of military equipment and ammunition, as a response to the parallel Soviet supply operation in which 15,000 tons of equipment were airlifted, and 63,000 tons of equipment were sealifted. That aid was deniend at the time[15] but was vital to Israel and allowed it to continue fighting despite being heavily outnumbered, according to Henry Kissinger.[15]
Egypt crossed the Suez Canal on October 6 and destroyed the Israeli defences and forts on the other side. Israel tried for the next few days to defeat Egypt and push it back behind the canal. However, Israel could not push it back and so lured it deeper into the Sinai in an effort to encircle Egypt. The United States started sending ammunition and weapons to Israel by using airplanes to help it win the war in Operation Nickel Grass. Syria soon pleaded Egypt to attack Israel to lessen the pressure on it. On October 14, Egypt attacked again and tried to advance even more into the Sinai after Syria had reported a false victory against Israel in the northen front. That led to the Egyptians pushing forward into Israeli controlled territory without any air cover and allowed Israel to encircle the entire 20,000-man Egyptian 3rd Army[16] and cut it off of any supplies by the invasion of mainland Egypt by Israeli forces. Egypt tried stopping the invasion by its elite 25th Armored Brigade with the most advanced tanks of the time, but it fell into an Israeli tank ambush and was completely destroyed.
Israel then attacked again and was pushing into mainland Egypt. After heavy fighting, it crossed the canal at its centre between two Egyptian armies. It advanced north and south until it had reached the city of Suez in the south and trapped the Egytian 3rd Army in the eastern side of the canal, in the Sinai. Anwar Sadat was worried by the encirclement of the 3rd Egyptian Army since its collapse could lead to that of the 2nd Egyptian Army and Egypt's whole war effort. That made him call Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev and urge him to stop the war quickly. Brezhnev brought in air-deployable battallions from Europe and threatened the US to end the war. Israeli tried to capture Suez but was defeated and failed to advance north. It had reached an area 101 km from Cairo, the capital of Egypt, and captured 1600 km2 of mainland Egypt.
UN resolution
The United Nations passed a resolution in the UN Security Council that asked all countries to bring a temporary stop to the war (called a 'ceasefire'). Both the Arab countries and Israel agreed, but the ceasefire failed since Israeli army advanced south to reach Suez. Brezhnev said to Nixon that if the US did not send troops, he would send Soviet troops to the area. The US believed that was a threat and so it put its military on full nuclear alert. That was the closest that both superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, had been to nuclear war and World War III since the Cuban Missile Crisis in the 1960s
The tension between the Americans and the Soviets made Israel agree to a ceasefire, which ended the war.
End
The war ended on October 26, 1973, Egypt and Israel then negotiated and reached an agreement to separate their forces. That agreement led to Israel withdrawing from the Suez Canal only six years after the war had ended,
Israel also held negotiations with Syria and agreed to withdraw from the places that it had captured in Syria except the Golan Heights. Egypt and Israel kept their negotiations and in 1979 signed the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. The treaty, which has held ever since, brought peace between Israel and Egypt, and Israel withdrawing from the whole Sinai and returning it to Egypt.
The Egyptians celebrated victory that day since they successfully attacked at the start of the war. The Syrians, on the other hand, do not like to talk about the war, as much of it was seen as a defeat, rather than a victory or stalemate.
Yom Kippur War Media
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat
Upon learning of the impending attack, Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir made the controversial decision not to launch a pre-emptive strike.
Wreckage from an Egyptian Sukhoi Su-7 shot down over the Sinai on 6 October, Israeli Air Force Museum
The 1973 War in the Sinai, 6–15 October
Wreckage of an Israeli A-4 Skyhawk on display in Egypt's war museum.
An Israeli Mirage III shot down by an Egyptian MiG-21
An Egyptian MiG-17 shot down during the dogfight over Sharm el-Sheikh
An Israeli M60 Patton tank destroyed in the Sinai
A 1974 news report about warfare on the Golan prior to the May disengagement accords
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Sources
- ↑ Herzog (1975), Foreword.
- ↑ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, p. 450.
- ↑ Luttwak. The Israeli Army (1983). Cambridge, MA: Abt Books. ISBN 978-0-89011-585-5.
- ↑ Rabinovich. The Yom Kippur War (2004)Schocken Books. p. 498.
- ↑ Kumaraswamy, PR. Revisiting The Yom Kippur War (2000)Psychology Press. p. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-7146-5007-4.
- ↑ Johnson & Tierney 2009, pp. 177, 180.
- ↑ Liebman, Charles. The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society. Middle Eastern Studies 29 (3) (July 1993). London: Frank Cass. p. 411. doi:10.1080/00263209308700958.
- ↑ Milestones: 1969–1976 - Office of the Historian. history.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
- ↑ Simon Dunstan. The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 (18 September 2007)Bloomsbury USA. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-84603-288-2.[dead link]
- ↑ Asaf Siniver. The Yom Kippur War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy (2013)Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-933481-0.
- ↑ Ian Bickerton. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed (2012)A&C Black. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4411-2872-0.
- ↑ P.R. Kumaraswamy. Revisiting the Yom Kippur War (2013)Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-136-32888-6.
- ↑ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It – American diplomacy in the Yom Kippur War". National Review: 1. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/360505/how-we-used-do-it-mario-loyola. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ↑ See[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Colby, Elbridge. The Israeli 'Nuclear Alert' of 1973: Deterrence and Signaling in Crisis (April 2013)CNA.
- ↑ Times, Craig R. Whitney Special to The New York (1973-10-25). "20,000 ENCIRCLED" (in en-US). The New York Times. . https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/25/archives/front-page-1-no-title-20000-encircled-syrian-front-quiet-eban-urges.html. Retrieved 2022-10-08.