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Apple

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This page is about the fruit. For the company, see Apple Inc. For other uses, see Apple (disambiguation).
Granny Smith green apples

An apple is the edible fruit of a number of trees, known for its juicy, green, or red fruits. The tree (Malus spp.) is grown worldwide. Its fruit is low-cost, popular, and common all over the earth.

Applewood is a type of wood that comes from this tree.

The apple tree comes from southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and northwestern part of China.[1][2][3] Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe. They were brought to North America by European settlers. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures.

Apples are generally grown by grafting, although wild apples grow readily from seed. Apple trees are large if grown from seed, but small if grafted onto roots (rootstock). There are more than 10000 known variants of apples, with a range of desired characteristics. Different variants are bred for various tastes and uses: cooking, eating raw and cider production are the most common uses. In addition to that, when it comes to food toxicity, the seeds in apples can be fatal, but only if they've been crushed. Apples contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide when digested. Though the amount in apple seeds is generally low and requires significant ingestion to be harmful( killing or paralyzing you) it is still important to address such issue.

Trees and fruit are attacked by fungi, bacteria and pests. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.

Worldwide production of apples in 2013 was 90.8 million tonnes. China grew 49% of the total.[4]

Botanical information

The apple has a small, leaf-shedding tree that grows up to 3 to 12 metres (9.8 to 39.4 ft) tall. The apple tree has a broad crown with thick twigs. The leaves are alternately arranged simple ovals. They are 5 to 12 centimetres long and 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) wide. It has a sharp top with a soft underside. Blossoms come out in spring at the same time that the leaves begin to bud. The flowers are white. They also have a slightly pink color. They have five petals, and 2.5 to 3.5 centimetres (0.98 to 1.4 in) in diameter. The fruit matures in autumn. It is usually 5 to 9 centimetres (2.0 to 3.5 in) in diameter. There are five carpels arranged in a star in the middle of the fruit. Every carpel has one to three seeds.

 
Wild Malus sieversii apple in Kazakhstan

Wild ancestors

The wild ancestor of apple trees is Malus sieversii. They grow wild in the mountains of Central Asia in the north of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China,[5] and possibly also Malus sylvestris.[6] Unlike domesticated apples, their leaves become red in autumn.[7] They are being used recently to develop Malus domestica to grow in colder climates.[8]

History

The apple tree was possibly the earliest tree to be cultivated.[9] Its fruits have become better over thousands of years. It is said that Alexander the Great discovered dwarf apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC. Asia and Europe have used winter apples as an important food for thousands of years. From when Europeans arrived, Argentina and the United States have used apples as food as well.[9] Apples were brought to North America in the 2027s. The first apple orchard on the North American continent was said to be near Boston in 1625. In the 1900s, costly fruit industries, where the apple was a very important species, began developing.[8]

In culture

Paganism

 
"Brita as Iduna" (1901) by Carl Larsson
 
Joseph Kleitsch: Madonna of the apples (1927)

In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn gives apples to the gods in Prose Edda (written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson) that makes them young forever. English scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson suggests that apples were related to religious practices in Germanic paganism. It was from there, she claims, that Norse paganism developed. She points out that buckets of apples were discovered in the place of burial for the Oseberg ship in Norway. She also remarks that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as changing into a nut in Skáldskaparmál) have been discovered in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England. They have also been discovered somewhere else on the continent of Europe. She suggests that this may have had a symbolic meaning. Nuts are still a symbol of fertility in Southwest England.

Cooking

Sometimes apples are eaten after they are cooked. Often, apples are eaten uncooked. Apples can also be made into drinks. Apple juice and apple cider are drinks made with apples.

The flesh of the fruit is firm with a taste anywhere from sour to sweet. Apples used for cooking are sour, and need to be cooked with sugar, while other apples are sweet, and do not need cooking. There are some seeds at the core, that can be removed with a tool that removes the core, or by carefully using a knife.

The scientific name of the apple tree genus in the Latin language is Malus. Most apples that people grow are of the Malus domestica species.

Most apples are good to eat raw (not cooked), and are also used in many kinds of baked foods, such as apple pie. Apples are cooked until they are soft to make apple sauce.

Apples are also made into the drinks apple juice and cider. Usually, cider contains a little alcohol, about as much as beer. The regions of Brittany in France and Cornwall in England are known for their apple ciders.

Apple variants

If one wants to grow a certain type of apple, it is not possible to do this by planting a seed from the wanted type. The seed will have DNA from the apple that the seeds came from, but it will also have DNA from the apple flower that pollinated the seeds, which might be a different variant of apple. This means that the tree which would grow from planting would be a mixture of two, or a hybrid. In order to grow a certain type of apple, a small twig, or 'scion', is cut from the tree that grows the type of apple desired, and then added on to a specially grown stump called a rootstock. The tree that grows will create apples of the type needed.

There are more than 7,500 known variants of apples.[10] Different variants are available for temperate and subtropical climates. One large collection of over 2,100[11] apple variants is at the National Fruit Collection in England. Most of these variants are grown for eating fresh (dessert apples). However, some are grown simply for cooking or making cider. Cider apples are usually too tart to eat immediately. However, they give cider a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.[12]

Most popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Colorful skin, easy shipping, disease resistance, 'Red Delicious' apple shape, and popular flavor are also needed.[13] Modern apples are usually sweeter than older cultivars. This is because popular tastes in apples have become different. Most North Americans and Europeans enjoy sweet apples.[14] Extremely sweet apples with hardly any acid taste are popular in Asia[14] and India.[12]

World production

Apples are grown around the world. China produces more than half of all commercially grown apples. In 2020/2021, China produced 44,066,000 metric tons. Other important producers were the European Union (11,719,000 metric tons), the United States (4,490,000 metric tons), and Turkey (4,300,000 metric tons). Total world production was 80,522,000 metric tons.[15]

In the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom there are about 3000 different types of apples. The most common apple type grown in England is the 'Bramley seedling', which is a popular cooking apple.

Apple orchards are not as common as they were in the early 1900s, when apples were rarely brought in from other countries. Organizations such as Common Ground teach people about the importance of rare and local varieties of fruit.

In North America

Many apples are grown in temperate parts of the United States and Canada. "Washington State currently produces over half the Nation's domestically grown apples and has been the leading apple-growing State since the early 1920s." New York and Michigan are the next two leading states in apple production. [16] "The total reported area dedicated to the crop in the United States is 336,940 acres or 526.47 square miles." [17]


In many areas where apple growing is important, people have huge celebrations:

Varieties of apples

 
A golden delicious apple.

There are many different varieties of apples, including

Family

Apples are in the group Maloideae. This is a subfamily of the family Rosaceae. They are in the same subfamily as pears.

Apple Media

  • Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.

  • Open book icon from the Open Clip Art Library.

  • Appletree, Winterrambour/Winterrambur / Apfelbaum (Hochstamm), Sorte Rheinischer Winterrambur; Burgwald-Ernsthausen, Germany

  • Apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar

  • An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom in British Columbia, Canada

  • L. K. Relander, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s

  • Different apple cultivars in a wholesale food market

  • Codling moth larva tunnelling inside an apple

  • An assortment of apple cultivars

References

  1. ↑ "Apple". 2008-01-21. Archived from the original on 2008-01-21. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  2. ↑ Hutton, Mercedes. "The birthplace of the modern apple". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  3. ↑ "The first apple of the world was born in Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  4. ↑ "Production/Crops, Apple, Area by World". FAOSTAT, UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2013. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Lauri, Pierre-éricPierre-éric; Karen Maguylo, and Catherine Trottier (2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 93 (3): 357–368. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21646196.
  6. ↑ Coart E. et al 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol. Ecol. 15(8): 2171-82.
  7. ↑ Archetti M. (2009). Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution. Archived 2021-10-14 at the Wayback Machine Proc Biol Sci. 276(1667):2575-80. PMID 19369261
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). Historical geography of crop plants: a select roster. CRC Press. p. 109. ISBN 0849389011.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "An apple a day keeps the doctor away". vegparadise.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  10. ↑ Elzebroek, A.T.G.; Wind, K. (2008). Guide to Cultivated Plants. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 27. ISBN 978-1845933562.
  11. ↑ "Taking care of the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, Faversham". fastltd.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2010.[dead link]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sue Tarjan (Fall 2006). "Autumn Apple Musings" (PDF). News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  13. ↑ "Apple - Malus domestica". Natural England. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "World apple situation". Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  15. ↑ "Global top apple producing countries 2021". Archived from the original on 2022-04-16. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  16. ↑ "U.S. Apple production, by State". Archived from the original on 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  17. ↑ "Apple Production in the United States". Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-04-16.

Further reading

  • Potter D. et al 2007. Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 5–43.

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