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Libyan Civil War (2014–present)

In February 2011 started an upheavel and armed conflict against Muammar Qadaffi. Qadaffi, Libya's absolute ruler during 42 years, was killed in October 2011. This armed revolt is referred to as the first civil war in Libya. [1] Political and military factions engaged since 2011 in an ungoing struggle to get control over the Libyan territory[2] in alliances with external actors.[3] Since February 2011, the Libyan civil war went through different phases, including periods of intensified armed confrontations[4].The violent confrontations led to serious human rights abuses as well as war crimes.[5] A second phase of intense fighting between rival factions seeking control of Libya, often referred to as the second Libyan civil war, started in 2014.[6] Between April 2019 and June 2020 very intense fighting took place when General Khalifa Haftar and his Libyan National Army (LNA) tried in vain to capture the capital Tripoli and to oust the United Nations-recognized government. Both sides were backed by foreign actors.[7] Experts from the United Nations noted in 2020 that the Tripoli based government supported by Turkey as well the LNA assisted by Russian private military personel of the so-called Wagner Group involved other third country nationals in their military operations.[8]

The conflict is mostly between two rival power centres; one is based in Tripoli; the other in the east of Tobruk. In October 2020, the two administrations accepted a ceasefire and Libyan politicians agreed on having a unified interim government as well as parliamentary and presidential elections in December 2021.[9] The rival camps consist of:

  • on the one hand, the HoR, the House of Representatives, elected in 2014 with a low turnout, which relocated to Tobruk in the east and is aligned to Khalifa Haftar. The HoR chose in February 2022 Fathi Bashaga, a former minister of Interior, as interim prime minister of Libya;[10]
  • on the other hand in Tripoli the interim-government led by Abdul Hamid Mohammed Dbeibah supported by the military from the western part of the country. Dbeibah was elected in February 2021 by the Libyan Poltical Dialogue Forum (LPDF). This forum consists of 75 persons representing Libya's main geographical regions as well as social and political groups.[11]

Legal and political obstacles led to a political impasse and presidential elections postponed for an indefinite period. While no major armed clashes took place since the October 2020 ceasefire, security incidents continued to be reported by the United Nations especially in the western and southern parts of Libya.[12] The United Nations Special Advisor on Libya initiated a dialogue between the rival political camps. In April 2022, a first meeting took place in Cairo (Egypt). However, an agreement has yet to be achieved. [13]

Second Libyan Civil War
Part of the Arab Winter and the Libyan Crisis
Libyan Civil War.svg
Military situation in Libya on 11 June 2020
     Under the control of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army     Under the control of the Government of National Accord (GNA) and different militias forming the Libya Shield Force     Controlled by local forces (For a more detailed map, see military situation in the Libyan Civil War)
Date16 May 2014 – 23 October 2020
(6 years, 5 months and 1 week)
Location
Libya
Result

Ceasefire

Main belligerents

LibyaCoat of arms of Libya Tobruk Government.svg House of Representatives (Tobruk-based)[14][15]

Others:

Wagner Group
(since 2018)
[25][26][27][28][29]
Egypt Egypt[30][31][32]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates[30][33][34][35]
 Sudan (RSF)[36] (since 2019)
 Syria
(since 2020)[37][38][39]

Support:

LibyaThe emblem on the passport of Libya.svg Government of National Accord (Tripoli-based) (since 2016)

Others:

Syrian opposition Syrian National Army (since 2019)[67]
 Turkey (since 2020)[68][69][70]

Support:

Libya National Salvation Government
(2014–2017)[85][86]

Support:

Flag of Jihad.svg Shura Council of
Benghazi Revolutionaries
(2014–2017)[95][96]
al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
(2014–2017)[97]

SCBR
militia:
Others:

IS
(from 2014)[102]

Support:
Commanders and leaders
Libya Aguila Saleh Issa
(President of House of Representatives)
Libya Abdullah al-Thani
(Prime Minister)[110]
Flag of The Libyan National Army (Variant).svg FM Khalifa Haftar
(High Commander of the LNA)
Flag of The Libyan National Army (Variant).svg Gen. Abdulrazek al-Nadoori (Chief of the General Staff of the LNA)
Libyan Special Forces Emblem.svg Col. Wanis Abu Khamada
(Commander of Libyan Special Forces)
Flag of the Libyan Ground Forces.svg Brig. Gen. Almabrook Suhban
(Chief of Staff of the Libyan Ground Forces)
Flag of the Libyan Air Force.svg Brig. Gen. Saqr Geroushi
(Chief of Staff of the Libyan Air Force) (LNA-aligned)
Flag of the Libyan Navy.svg Adm. Faraj al-Mahdawi
(Chief of Staff of the Libyan Navy) (LNA-aligned)
Libya Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
(Candidate for President of Libya)		 Libya Fayez al-Sarraj
(Chairman of the Presidential Council and Prime minister)
Libya Fathi Bashagha
(Minister of Interior)
Libya Salah Eddine al-Namrush
(Minister of Defence)
Flag of the Libyan National Army.svg Gen. Mohammad Ali al-Haddad
(Chief of the General Staff of the Libyan Army)
Flag of the Libyan Navy.svg Abdul Hakim Abu Hawliyeh (Chief of the Libyan Navy) (GNA-aligned)
Flag of the Libyan Navy.svg Col. Rida Issa (Commander of Libyan Navy) (GNA-aligned)
Flag of the Libyan National Army.svg Maj. Gen. Osama Juwaili
(Commander of the Western Military Zone)
Flag of the Libyan National Army.svg Maj. Gen. Abubaker Marwan
(Commander of Tripoli Military Zone)
Flag of the Libyan National Army.svg Maj. Gen. Mohamed Elhadad
(Commander of the Central Military Zone)
Flag of the Libyan National Army.svg Gen. Ali Kanna
(Commander of the Southern Military Zone)

Libya Nouri Abusahmain (2014–16)
(President of the GNC)
Libya Khalifa al-Ghawil (2015–2017)
(Prime Minister)[111]
Libya Sadiq Al-Ghariani
(Grand Mufti)

Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg Abu Khalid al Madani  †
(Ansar al-Sharia Leader)[112]
Flag of Jihad.svg Mokhtar Belmokhtar
(Commander of Al-Mourabitoun, believed dead)[113]
Flag of Jihad.svg Musa Abu Dawud  † (AQIM southern Zone commander)[97]

Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg Mohamed al-Zahawi  †[114]
(Former Ansar al-Sharia Leader)
Flag of Jihad.svg Ateyah Al-Shaari DMSC / DPF leader
Flag of Jihad.svg Wissam Ben Hamid  †[115]
(Libya Shield 1 Commander)
Flag of Jihad.svg Salim Derby  †
(Commander of Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade)[116]		 Abu Nabil al-Anbari  † (Top ISIL leader in Libya)[117][118]
Abu Hudhayfah al-Muhajir[119]
(ISIL governor of Wilayat Tripolitania)
Casualties and losses
14,882+ killed (2014–2018, 2019–2020, incomplete)[120][121][122][123][124]

Libyan Civil War (2014–present) Media

  • Protesters stage a large demonstration in Shahat against the GNC's mandate extension plan.

  • Military situation in Libya in July 2015

  • General Khalifa Haftar

  • Libyan oil fields, pipelines, refineries and storage

  • The Libya Summit in Berlin, Germany on 19 January 2020

  • Russian aircraft deployed to Libya in support of Russian private military contractors supporting the Libyan National Army in 2020. Image provided by United States Africa Command.

References

  1. ↑ Eriksson Michael. A fratricidal Libya and its second civil war. December 2015, p8; Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed & Barr, Nathaniel. Dignity and dawn: Libya's escalating civil war. ICCT, February 2019, p9.
  2. ↑ Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed & Barr, Nathaniel. Dignity and dawn: Libya's escalating civil war. ICCT, February 2019, p9.
  3. ↑ Loschi, Chiara & Pagano, Chiara. Lyy(s) en devenir, Dossier de recherche, 28-2022-11. CNRS, Open edition journals, p3; al-Shadeedi, Hamszeh& van Veen, Erwin & Harchaoui, Jalel. One thousand and one failings, security sector stabilisation and development in Libya. CRU report, April 2020, p7.
  4. ↑ Al- Shadeedi, Hamzeh & van Veen, Erwin & Harchaoui, Jalel. One thousand one failings. Security sector stabilisation and development in Libya, CRU report, April 2020, p11 and 12. *one-thousand-and-one-failings.pdf (clingendael.org).
  5. ↑ UN Human Rights Council. Report of the Independent Fact Finding Mission on Libya, A/HRC/48/83, 1 October 2021, p3 and p23; Amnesty International. Report 2021/22: the state of the world's human rights, Libya, 29 March 2022, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/libya/
  6. ↑ "Libya's Second Civil War: How did it come to this?". Conflict News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
    National Post View (24 February 2015). "National Post View: Stabilizing Libya may be the best way to keep Europe safe". National Post. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  7. ↑ Aljazeera. Libya: the battle for Tripoli explained in 600 words, 5 June 2020, Libya: The battle for Tripoli explained in 600 words | Khalifa Haftar News | Al Jazeera;
  8. ↑ OHCHR. Libya: violations related to mercenary activities must be investigated- UN experts, 17 June 2020, Libya: Violations related to mercenary activities must be investigated – UN experts | OHCHR
  9. ↑ International Crisis Group. Steering Libya past another perilious crossroads, 18 March 2022, p1 and 2.
  10. ↑ International Crisis Group. Steering Libya past another perilious crossroads, 18 March 2022, p2 and 3; Security Council Report. Libya May 2022 Forecast, 29 April 2022, Libya, May 2022 Monthly Forecast : Security Council Report.
  11. ↑ International Crisis Group. Steering Libya past another perilious crossroads, 18 March 2022, p2 and 3; Security Council Report. Libya May 2022 Forecast, 29 April 2022, Libya, May 2022 Monthly Forecast : Security Council Report. The name Dbeibah is in several reports written as Dabaiba.
  12. ↑ United Nations Support Mission in Libya. Report of the Secretary-General, 17 January 2022, S/2022/31,p1 and 5-7, S_2022_31_E.pdf (reliefweb.int)
  13. ↑ Security Council Report. Libya May 2022 Forecast, 29 April 2022, Libya, May 2022 Monthly Forecast : Security Council Report.
  14. ↑ "Rival Libyan factions sign UN-backed peace deal". Al Jazeera. 17 December 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/libya-rival-parliaments-sign-backed-deal-151217131709056.html. Retrieved 17 December 2015. 
  15. ↑ "Libya's rival factions sign UN peace deal, despite resistance". Times of Malta. 17 December 2015. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20151217/world/libyan-factions-meet-to-sign-un-peace-deal.596042. Retrieved 17 December 2015. 
  16. ↑ Mohamed, Esam; Michael, Maggie (20 May 2014). "2 Ranking Libyan Officials Side With Rogue General". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libyan-lawmakers-meet-secret-amid-standoff-23798123. Retrieved 21 May 2014. 
  17. ↑ al-Warfalli, Ayman; Laessing, Ulf (19 May 2014). "Libyan special forces commander says his forces join renegade general". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-violence-idUSBREA4G04A20140519. Retrieved 22 May 2014. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Abdul-Wahab, Ashraf (5 August 2014). Warshefana take Camp 27 from Libya Shield. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/05/warshefana-take-camp-27-from-libya-shield/#axzz39dcDm2Q5. Retrieved 7 August 2014. 
  19. ↑ "Sudanese rebel group acknowledges fighting for Khalifa Haftar's forces in Libya". Libya Observer. 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  20. ↑ Alharath, Safa (17 June 2018). "Sudanese rebels are fighting alongside Dignity Operation in Libya's Derna". Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/sudanese-rebels-are-fighting-alongside-dignity-operation-libya%E2%80%99s-derna. Retrieved 29 December 2018. 
  21. ↑ Adel, Jamal (19 January 2019). "Terror suspects killed in large LNA operation in south Libya". Libya Herald. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  22. ↑ "Gaddafi loyalists join West in battle to push Islamic State from Libya". The Daily Telegraph. 7 May 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/07/gaddafi-loyalists-join-west-in-battle-to-push-islamic-state-from/. 
  23. ↑ "After six years in jail, Gaddafi's son Saif plots return to Libya's turbulent politics". The Guardian. 6 December 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/06/saif-gaddafi-libya-politics-son-muammar. "The Warshefana tribal militia, Gaddafi loyalists who controlled some of the area around Tripoli, were routed last month by rival forces from Zintan". 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Jordan arming Libya's Haftar with armored vehicles and weapons". 23 May 2019.
  25. ↑ Wagner, shadowy Russian military group, 'fighting in Libya'. BBC. 7 May 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52571777. Retrieved 26 May 2020. 
  26. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David D. (5 November 2019). Russian Snipers, Missiles and Warplanes Try to Tilt Libyan War. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/05/world/middleeast/russia-libya-mercenaries.html. 
  27. ↑ "Number of Russian mercenaries fighting for Haftar in Libya rises to 1400, report says". 16 November 2019.
  28. ↑ "Macron slams Turkey's 'criminal' role in Libya, Putin's ambivalence". Reuters. 29 June 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-oil-russia-macron/macron-slams-turkeys-criminal-role-in-libya-putins-ambivalence-idUSKBN2402KB. 
  29. ↑ "Exclusive: Russian private security firm says it had armed men in east Libya". Reuters. 13 March 2017.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "UAE and Egypt behind bombing raids against Libyan militias, say US officials". The Guardian. 26 August 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/united-arab-emirates-bombing-raids-libyan-militias. 
  31. ↑ "Is Egypt bombing the right militants in Libya?". Reuters. 31 May 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-analysis/is-egypt-bombing-the-right-militants-in-libya-idUSKBN18R2GE. 
  32. ↑ "Egypt's parliament approves troop deployment to Libya". Al Jazeera. 20 July 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/egypt-legislators-vote-deploying-troops-libya-200720141515828.html. 
  33. ↑ "Libya migrant attack: UN investigators suspect foreign jet bombed centre". BBC News. 6 November 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50302602. 
  34. ↑ "UAE drone strike on factory near Tripoli killed 8 civilians: HRW". Al Jazeera. 29 April 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/uae-strike-tripoli-factory-killed-civilians-hrw-200429173012775.html. 
  35. ↑ "UAE implicated in lethal drone strike in Libya". BBC News. 27 August 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53917791. 
  36. ↑ de Waal, Alex (20 July 2019). Sudan crisis: The ruthless mercenaries who run the country for gold. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48987901. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 
  37. ↑ Vohra, Anchal (5 May 2020). It's Syrian vs. Syrian in Libya. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/05/libya-civil-conflict-syrian-mercenaries-turkey-russia-gna-haftar/. Retrieved 26 May 2020. 
  38. ↑ Pamuk, Humeyra (7 May 2020). U.S. says Russia is working with Syria's Assad to move militia to Libya. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-usa-syria/u-s-says-russia-is-working-with-syrias-assad-to-move-militia-to-libya-idUSKBN22J301. Retrieved 26 May 2020. 
  39. ↑ First fighter of Russian-backed Syrian mercenaries killed in Libya's battles, and number of recruits jumps to 450. SOHR. 24 May 2020. https://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=166414. Retrieved 26 May 2020. 
  40. ↑ Putin Promotes Libyan Strongman as New Ally After Syria Victory. Bloomberg. 21 December 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-21/putin-promotes-libyan-strongman-as-new-ally-after-syria-victory. 
  41. ↑ Bachir, Malek (30 January 2017). "Russia's secret plan to back Haftar in Libya". Middle East Eye. http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-russias-secret-plan-libya-2129027228. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  42. ↑ Bar'el, Zvi (13 April 2019). Analysis From Bouteflika to Bashir, Powers Shift. But the Second Arab Spring Is Far From Breaking Out. https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-from-sudan-to-algeria-a-new-arab-spring-plundered-by-armies-and-elites-1.7111234. Retrieved 15 April 2019. 
  43. ↑ Taylor, Paul (17 April 2019). "France's double game in Libya". POLITICO.
  44. ↑ Tripoli interior ministry accuses France of supporting Haftar, ends cooperation. 18 April 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-france-idUSKCN1RU1X6. 
  45. ↑ "'Our Hearts Are Dead.' After 9 Years of Civil War, Libyans Are Tired of Being Pawns in a Geopolitical Game of Chess". time.com. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  46. ↑ "UAE, Saudi Arabia aiding Libya eastern forces, blacklisting Qatar for alleged support for other Libyans". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  47. ↑ "Khalifa Haftar says Egypt and Chad are his top supporters". Libyan Express. 6 September 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/khalifa-haftar-says-egypt-and-chad-are-his-top-supporters/. 
  48. ↑ "Jordan pledges support for Libya in talks with General Haftar". Al Arabiya. 13 April 2015.
  49. ↑ "King renews support for Libya's national concord". The Jordan Times. 20 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  50. ↑ Ltd, Allied Newspapers. "Libya needs international maritime force to help stop illicit oil, weapons – UN experts". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  51. ↑ Беларусь увайшла ў спіс найбуйнейшых сусветных экспарцёраў зброі Archived 2020-02-09 at the Wayback Machine — Tut.by, 21 лютага 2018
  52. ↑ Greece’s Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias Visits Libya, Dendias noted that Haftar’s position is aligned with Greece’s.
  53. ↑ "Haftar and Israel: From animosity to alliance. Tel Aviv provides Haftar militias with training and weapons as Libya may become new market for Israel's military exports". Anadolu Agency. 28 July 2020.
  54. ↑ Silverstein, Richard. "Haftar: Israeli secret aid to Libya's strongman reveals a new friend in Africa". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  55. ↑ "Libya's Haftar 'provided with Israeli military aid following UAE-mediated meetings with Mossad agents'". The New Arab. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  56. ↑ "Libya's Haftar had lengthy meeting with Israeli intelligence officer". Middle East Monitor. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  57. ↑ "Libya: Flight data places mysterious planes in Haftar territory". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  58. ↑ "Libyan Navy asserts control over ISIL-controlled Sirte". Al-Masdar News. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  59. ↑ "Presidential Guard established". Libya Herald. 9 May 2016. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/09/presidential-guard-established/. Retrieved 9 May 2016. 
  60. ↑ "Misrata brigades and municipality form security chamber to enable GNA to operate from Tripoli". Libyan Express. 28 March 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/misrata-brigades-and-municipality-form-security-chamber-to-enable-gna-to-operate-from-tripoli/. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 
  61. ↑ "Sabratha revolutionary brigades announce full support for GNA". Libyan Express. 21 March 2016. http://www.libyanexpress.com/sabratha-revolutionary-brigades-announce-full-support-for-gna/. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 
  62. ↑ "Unity government at last". Archived from the original on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  63. ↑ "Clashes in south Libya intensify between pro-Haftar forces and Third Force". Libyan Express. 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Tabu and Tuareg announce their support for GNA". Libyaprospect. 4 April 2016. http://libyaprospect.com/index.php/2016/04/04/tabu-and-tuareg-announce-their-support-for-gna/. Retrieved 24 April 2016. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 McGregor, Andrew (7 September 2017). "Rebel or Mercenary? A Profile of Chad's General Mahamat Mahdi Ali". Aberfoyle International Security. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Rebel Incursion Exposes Chad's Weaknesses". Crisis Group. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  67. ↑ "300 pro-Turkey Syrian rebels sent to Libya to support UN-backed gov't: watchdog – Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  68. ↑ "France's Macron slams Turkey's 'criminal' role in Libya". Al Jazeera. 30 June 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/france-macron-slams-turkey-criminal-role-libya-200630090915443.html. 
  69. ↑ "France-Turkey spat over Libya arms exposes NATO's limits". Associated Press. 5 July 2020. https://apnews.com/045a9b8eb0f7eb5adc33d1303fafa95d. 
  70. ↑ "Turkey warns Egypt over Libya and lashes out at Macron's role". Japan Times. 20 July 2020. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/23/world/turkey-warns-egypt-libya-lashes-emmanuel-macrons-role/. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Abdulrahman Sewehli thanks Qatari Emir for his support". 13 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "Sudan reiterates support for Presidency Council but concerned about Darfuri rebels in Libya". Libya Herald. 1 May 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/05/01/sudan-reiterates-support-for-presidency-council-but-concerned-about-darfuri-rebels-in-libya/. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 
  73. ↑ "Pakistan offers to help train Libyan Army | The Libya Observer". www.libyaobserver.ly. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  74. ↑ "Libyans Fear Rapprochement Between GNA, Pakistan". Asharq AL-awsat.
  75. ↑ "Iran FM voices support for Turkey-backed Libya government". Middle East Monitor. 17 June 2020., June 17, 2020
  76. ↑ "Morocco renews support to GNA as only legitimate party in Libya | The North Africa Post". northafricapost.com.
  77. ↑ "Serraj on another Algeria visit seeking solution to Libyan political impasse". Libya Herald. 25 December 2016. https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/12/26/serraj-on-another-algeria-visit-seeking-solution-to-libyan-political-impasse/. 
  78. ↑ Alharathy, Safa. Tunisian President reiterates his country's position towards GNA as the legitimate authority in Libya. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/tunisian-president-reiterates-his-countrys-position-towards-gna-legitimate-authority-libya. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 
  79. ↑ Martin, Ivan (25 July 2020). "Malta teams up with Turkey in an attempt to make Libya stable". Times of Malta. https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/malta-teams-up-with-turkey-in-an-attempt-to-make-libya-stable.806733. 
  80. ↑ Di Maio assures Al-Sarraj of Italy's support for GNA and political track. Alwasat. 6 May 2020. http://en.alwasat.ly/news/libya/282431. Retrieved 6 May 2020. 
  81. ↑ "Al-Serraj and Mogherini discuss more EU support for GNA". Libya Express. 18 January 2017.
  82. ↑ "Libya Foreign Ministry: 'Britain stands with GNA'". 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  83. ↑ "US Ambassador Norland reaffirms partnership with GNA Libya and urges all parties in Libya to support peace". Twitter. U.S. Embassy – Libya. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  84. ↑ "US Ambassador Reaffirms Partnership with GNA, Urges All Parties to Support Peace". Facebook. U.S. Embassy Libya. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  85. ↑ Elumami, Ahmed (5 April 2016). Libya's self-declared National Salvation government stepping down. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-politics-idUKKCN0X22MD. 
  86. ↑ Mikhail, George (15 February 2018). "Can Cairo talks succeed in uniting Libya's divided armed forces?". Al Monitor.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Libyan Dawn: Map of allies and enemies". Al Arabiya. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  88. ↑ "LNA targets Tripoli and Zuwara but pulls back troops in Aziziya area". Libya Herald. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  89. ↑ "Libya Observer". Facebook. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  90. ↑ "Ghwell's Libyan National Guard militia joining fighting in south". Libya Herald. 16 April 2017.
  91. ↑ "Sudan militarily backs Libyan rebels: Bashir to Youm7". The Cairo Post. 23 March 2015. http://www.thecairopost.com/news/143075/news/sudan-militarily-backs-libyan-rebels-bashir-to-youm7. Retrieved 24 March 2015. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Kirkpatrick, David D; Schmitt, Eric (25 August 2014). "Egypt and United Arab Emirates Said to Have Secretly Carried Out Libya Airstrikes". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/world/africa/egypt-and-united-arab-emirates-said-to-have-secretly-carried-out-libya-airstrikes.html. Retrieved 25 August 2014. 
  93. ↑ "Libya, Turkey agree on resuming signed security training programs". 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  94. ↑ "LNA's Mismari accuses Sudan, Qatar and Iran of backing terrorism in Libya". Libya Herald. 22 June 2017. https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/06/22/lnas-mismari-accuses-sudan-qatar-and-iran-of-backing-terrorism-in-libya/. 
  95. ↑ "٢٨ قتيلا من قوات الصاعقة ببنغازى منذ بدء الاشتباكات مع أنصار الشريعة" [Twenty-eight Al-Saiqa fighters killed in Benghazi since the beginning of clashes with Ansar al-Sharia]. Youm7. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  96. ↑ "تدهور الوضع الأمني في بنغازي وطرابلس نذير حرب جديدة" [Worsening of security in Benghazi and Tripoli as new war approaches]. Al-Arab. 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Bill Roggio and Alexandra Gutowski (28 March 2018). "American forces kill senior al Qaeda leader in Libya". Long War Journal. 28 March 2018.
  98. ↑ "Libyan Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia says it is dissolving". Reuters. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  99. ↑ "Libyan revolutionary factions form Defend Benghazi Brigades". The Libya Observer. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  100. ↑ "Benghazi Defense Brigades advance toward Benghazi". Libyan Express. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  101. ↑ "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb says Mokhtar Belmokhtar is 'alive and well'". The Long War Journal. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  102. ↑ "Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State caliphate". CP24. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  103. ↑ "Islamic State Expanding into North Africa". Der Spiegel. Hamburg, DE. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  104. ↑ ISIS comes to Libya. CNN. 18 November 2014. http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya/. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Schmitt, Eric; Kirkpatrick, David D. (14 February 2015). "Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html?_r=1. Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
  106. ↑ "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb". Stanford University. 1 July 2016.
  107. ↑ "Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb backs ISIS". Al Monitor. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  108. ↑ "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016. http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-al-qaeda-africa-us-commander-warns-collaboration-between-aqim-islamic-state-2304240. 
  109. ↑ Libyan lawmakers approve gov't of PM-designate Dbeibah. 10 March 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/10/libyan-lawmakers-endorse-govt-of-pm-designate-dbeibah. Retrieved 10 March 2021. 
  110. ↑ Libya Prime Minister
  111. ↑ "Hassi changes his mind, hands over to Ghwell". Libya Herald. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  112. ↑ "Ansar al Sharia Libya fights on under new leader". The Long War Journal. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  113. ↑ "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb says Mokhtar Belmokhtar is 'alive and well'". The Long War Journal. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  114. ↑ Leader of Libyan Islamists Ansar al-Sharia dies of wounds. Reuters. 23 January 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0KW1MU20150123. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 
  115. ↑ "Wissam Ben Hamid dead says arrested Ansar spokesman; 13 militants reported to have blown themselves up". Libyan Herald. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  116. ↑ "Islamists clash in Derna, Abu Sleem leader reported killed". Libya Herald. 10 June 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/10/islamists-clash-in-derna-abu-sleem-commander-wounded-possibly-killed/#axzz3ckcj48tF. Retrieved 11 June 2015. 
  117. ↑ "Islamic State leadership in Libya". TheMagrebiNote. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  118. ↑ "Statement from Pentagon Press Secretary Peter Cook on Nov. 13 airstrike in Libya > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > News Release View". Defense.gov. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  119. ↑ Joscelyn, Thomas (7 December 2016). "Pentagon: Islamic State has lost its safe haven in Sirte, Libya". Long War Journal. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  120. ↑ "Libya Body Count". Libya Body Count. December 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  121. ↑ Safa Alharathy (1 May 2018). "4068 casualties recorded in Libya in 2017, Human Rights Solidarity reports". The Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/4068-casualties-recorded-libya-2017-human-rights-solidarity-reports. Retrieved 19 January 2022. 
  122. ↑ "Human Rights Solidarity: About 4000 people were victims of armed fighting in Libya in 2018". The Libya Observer. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/human-rights-solidarity-about-4000-people-were-victims-armed-fighting-libya-2018. Retrieved 12 February 2019. 
  123. ↑ Patrick Wintour (14 January 2020). Libyan warlord Haftar leaves Moscow without signing ceasefire deal. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/14/libyan-warlord-haftar-leaves-moscow-without-signing-ceasefire-deal. Retrieved 19 January 2022. 
    "ONE YEAR OF DESTRUCTIVE WAR IN LIBYA, UNSMIL RENEWS CALLS FOR IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND UNITY TO COMBAT COVID-19". United Nations Support Mission in Libya. 4 April 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    "Negotiated Solution in Libya Crucial as Foreign Interference Grows, Thousands Flee Homes, Secretary-General Warns Security Council, Stressing Time 'Not on Our Side'". United Nations. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  124. ↑ "Human Rights Solidarity published the annual report on the Victims of Armed Clashes in Libya during the year 2020". Human Rights Solidarity. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.


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