Persian language
Persian, also called Farsi, is a Western Iranian language. It is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006. In the past, many of those places were parts of the Persian Empire.
| Persian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farsi فارسی | ||||
 Farsi in Persian script (Nastaʿlīq style) | ||||
| Pronunciation | [fɒːɾˈsiː] | |||
| Native to | Iran[1] Afghanistan[1](as Dari) | |||
| Native speakers | 60 million (2009)[2] (110 million total speakers)[2] | |||
| Language family | Indo-European
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| Early forms: | Old Persian
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| Dialects | Western Persian
Eastern Persian
Bukharic
Pahlavani
Judæo-Persian
Dehwari
Juhuri[2]
Armeno-Tat[2]
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| Writing system | Persian alphabet Cyrillic Hebrew script Persian Braille | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in |  Iran Afghanistan Tajikistan | |||
| Recognised minority language in |  Iraq Uzbekistan Pakistan Azerbaijan Bahrain Bulgaria Greece Israel Portugal Romania Russia Turkey United Arab Emirates Kuwait | |||
| Regulated by | Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Iran) | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1 | fa | |||
| ISO 639-2 | per (B) fas (T) | |||
| ISO 639-3 | fas – inclusive code Individual codes: pes – Western Persian prs – Eastern Persian tgk – Tajiki aiq – Aimaq bhh – Bukharic haz – Hazaragi jpr – Dzhidi phv – Pahlavani deh – Dehwari jdt – Juhuri ttt – Caucasian Tat | |||
| Linguasphere | 58-AAC (Wider Persian) > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian) | |||
 Approximate extent of the Persian language area. Map includes all three dialects of Persian. | ||||
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Persian has many dialects and is officially called Farsi in Iran, Dari and Farsi in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan. The literary language of each country is a little different, but people from each country can understand one another when they have a conversation. It has words from French in Iran and many from Russian Tajikistan.
Alphabet
The Persian alphabet has the following letters:
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی
The Persian alphabet used in Iran and Afghanistan is similar to the Arabic alphabet, but since Persian in a different family from Arabic, their vocabulary and grammar are very different. Since the 1930s, in the countries that were in the Soviet Union, like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Persian has been written in the Cyrillic alphabet, like Russian. Persian-speakers formerly used Pahlavi script, changed to the Arabic alphabet under Arab colonization and added letters to fit their language.
History
Persian is a very old language, and linguists use names for three different versions of Persian that were used in three different times. Old Persian was spoken in the first Persian Empire, under the Achaemenid kings, including Cyrus and Darius the Great. The empire existed from the 6th century BC to the conquest of Alexander the Great. The second Persian empire was ruled by the Sassanian kings from the 2nd century AD until the Muslim conquest of Iran by the Arabs in the 7th century and spoke Middle Persian, or Pahlavi.
New or Modern Persian is spoken today and was first written down in the 9th century, during the Samanid Empire, which was the first Muslim Persian kingdom and was based in Central Asia.Template:Clarification The earliest writers of New Persian included poets like Rudaki, and Ferdowsi, who wrote an epic, a very long poem, called the Shahname, translated as the Book of Kings in English.
It has myths and historical stories from before the Arabs conquered Persia. Many other famous writers in Persian language were poets too, a few being Saadi, Hafez, Rumi. The Persian language has been very important one for literature. After Arabic, it was the second most common written language in Muslim countries, especially in the East.
Sample
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Persian LanguageAlphabet Media
An Old Persian inscription written in Old Persian cuneiform in Persepolis, Iran
Middle Persian text written in Inscriptional Pahlavi on the Paikuli inscription from between 293 and 297. Slemani Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan.
A page from a manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by Abu Mansur Muwaffaq, Copied by Asadi Tusi in 447 AH (1055 CE).
Kalilah va Dimna, an influential work in Persian literature
Persian poem, Agra Fort, India, 18th century
Persian poem, Takht-e Shah Jahan, Agra Fort, India
Persische Dialekte Parsian Dialects
Persian spoken by an Iranian. Recorded in the United States.
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Related pages
References
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This language has its own Wikipedia project. See the Persian language edition. |
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball, David Crystal, Paul Fletcher (ed.). Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Windfuhr, Gernot. The Iranian Languages. Routledge. 2009. p. 418.