Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire and overseas interests

The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português) was the first global empire in history.^[1]^[2] It spread from South America to Africa, India and South East Asia. It began with the Portuguese exploration of the world during the 15th century and it lasted longer than all the other modern European empires. It lasted almost five centuries. This is longer than the Spanish, British, and French Empires.

The Portuguese Empire had trade with the following areas:

Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia
China and Japan
Spice Islands (Moluccas) and the Treaty of Zaragoza
South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
Sub-Saharan Africa

The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government, delivered on 11 January 1890 to Portugal. The ultimatum forced the retreat of Portuguese military forces from areas in Africa which had been claimed by Portugal, but which the United Kingdom occupied.

Fall

The Portuguese Empire, like the British, French and German empires, was fatally damaged by the two world wars fought in the 20th century. These European powers were pressured by the Soviet Union and the United States and by independence movements inside the colonial territories. By the end of the 20th century these colonial empires were history.

The rise of Soviet influence in the working class, and the cost of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), led to the collapse of the Portuguese Second Republic (Estado Novo) in 1974. The National Salvation Junta (Junta de Salvação Nacional) - was to end the wars and take Portugal out of its African colonies. These events made thousands of Portuguese refugees from Portugal's African territories.

Civil wars soon broke out elsewhere. After years of fighting, Portugal gave Macau to China in 1999.

Legacy

The seven former colonies of Portugal have Portuguese as their official language. They are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries with Portugal. Today Portuguese is one of the world's major languages. It is the language of Brazil, which is the largest country in South America.

Portuguese Empire Media

The Conquest of Ceuta, in 1415, was led by Henry the Navigator and initiated the Portuguese Empire.
  Pêro da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva's common route to Aden in 1487–1488 (green)
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  Covilhã's travel 1489–†1490 (orange)
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  Covilhã's travel to Ethiopia 1490–†1530? (blue)
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  Vasco da Gama's travel 1497–1499 (black)
Map of Western Africa by Lázaro Luis (1563). The large castle in West Africa represents the São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle).
Portuguese possessions in Morocco (1415–1769)
The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas meridian divided the world between the crowns of Portugal and of Castile.
"Vasco da Gama Meets the Zamorin of Calicut", painting by Veloso Salgado, 1898.
Second Portuguese governor of India Afonso de Albuquerque. Albuquerque is credited with laying the foundations of Portuguese power in Asia.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese Empire of the East, or Estado da Índia ("State of India"), with its capital in Goa, included possessions (as subjected areas with a certain degree of autonomy) in all the Asian sub-continents, East Africa, and Pacific.
Iberian 'mare clausum' in the Age of Discovery. Afonso de Albuquerque's strategy to encircle the Indian Ocean is shown.
The Portuguese visited the city of Nagasaki, Japan.