Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was a British theoretical physicist and mathematician. He was born in Oxford. In 1950, he moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire. He was one of the world's leading theoretical physicists. Hawking has written many science books for people who are not scientists.

Stephen Hawking
Hawking at NASA's StarChild Learning Center, 1980s
Born	Stephen William Hawking (1942-01-08)8 January 1942 Oxford, England
Died	14 March 2018(2018-03-14) (aged 76) Cambridge, England
Resting place	Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London
Nationality	British
Education	St Albans School, Hertfordshire
Alma mater	University of Oxford (BA) University of Cambridge (MA, PhD)
Known for	Hawking radiation A Brief History of Time Penrose–Hawking theorems Bekenstein–Hawking formula Hawking energy Gibbons–Hawking ansatz Gibbons–Hawking effect Gibbons–Hawking space Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet
Children	3, including Lucy Hawking
Awards	Adams Prize (1966) Eddington Medal (1975) Maxwell Medal and Prize (1976) Heineman Prize (1976) Hughes Medal (1976) Albert Einstein Award (1978) Albert Einstein Medal (1979) RAS Gold Medal (1985) Dirac Medal (1987) Wolf Prize (1988) Prince of Asturias Award (1989) Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1992) Andrew Gemant Award (1998) Naylor Prize and Lectureship (1999) Lilienfeld Prize (1999) Albert Medal (1999) Copley Medal (2006) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009) Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (2012) BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015)
Scientific career
Fields	General relativity Quantum gravity
Institutions	Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge California Institute of Technology Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Thesis	Properties of Expanding Universes (1966)
Other academic advisors	Robert Berman
Doctoral students	Bruce Allen Raphael Bousso Bernard Carr Fay Dowker Christophe Galfard Gary Gibbons Thomas Hertog Raymond Laflamme Don Page Malcolm Perry Marika Taylor Alan Yuille Wu Zhongchao 29 others
Website	hawking.org.uk
Signature

Hawking was a professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge (a position that Isaac Newton once had). He retired on 1 October 2009.

Hawking had a motor neurone disease, and because of that he could not move or talk very well. The illness worsened over the years and he was almost completely paralysed. He used a wheelchair to move, and an Intel computer to talk for him. He died on 14 March 2018.

Early life and education

Hawking went to St Albans School, a local public school in Hertfordshire. At 17, he passed an exam to study at Oxford. He studied physics and chemistry there. Because he found it really easy at the beginning, he didn't study a lot for the final exams.

In October 1962 he started his graduate course at Trinity Hall. It was at this time that his illness started to show up. He had difficulties in rowing and then even simply in walking. However, he finished his PhD and wrote about black holes in his thesis. He then got a fellowship (a job as a university teacher) at Gonville and Caius College in 1965.

Career

Hawking was a cosmologist—someone who studies the structure of the universe (stars and space). He invented important theories about the Big Bang (the start of the universe), black holes and how they work.

Stephen Hawking predicted that black holes eject some radiation (energy), even though they normally swallow everything. That kind of radiation is named "Hawking Radiation."

Hawking also worked on the problem of quantum gravity. Quantum gravity tries to explain how gravity works with quantum mechanics (physics of tiny things.) That is a hard problem that scientists have not solved yet.

Hawking also wrote popular books about science for non-scientists. His first book, A Brief History of Time, sold over ten million copies. Hawking had many other jobs as well. He was an Actor, Mathematician, etc. More info on the official site

Death

Hawking died on 14 March 2018 in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire of complications from motor neuron disease at the age of 76. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey in London near Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton.

Technical

• Singularities in Collapsing Stars and Expanding Universes, with D.W. Sciama, 1969. Comments on Astrophysics and Space Physics. Vol 1
• Hawking, Stephen; Penrose, Roger (2000). The Nature of Space and Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05084-3.
• Hawking, S.W.; Ellis, G.F.R. (1973). The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09906-6.
• Penrose, Roger (1997). The Large, the Small and the Human Mind. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56330-7.
• Information Loss in Black Holes, Cambridge University Press, 2005

Popular

Hawking in 2013

• Hawking, Stephen (1988). A brief history of time: from the big bang to black holes. Bantam.
• Hawking, Stephen; Hawking, Stephen (1994). Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-37411-7.
• Stephen W. Hawking (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-80202-X.
• On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy, Running Press 2002. ISBN 978-0-7624-1698-1
• Hawking, Stephen; Hawking, Stephen; Mlodinow, Leonard (2005). A Briefer History of Time. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-80436-7.
• Hawking, Stephen (2005). God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 978-0-7624-1922-7.

Children's books

• George's Secret Key to the Universe, with Lucy Hawking. Simon & Taylor Blevins Publishing.
• George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt, with Lucy Hawking. Simon & Taylor Blevins Publishing.
• George and the Big Bang, with Lucy Hawking. Simon & Taylor Blevins Publishing.

Stephen Hawking Media

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  Hawking at an ALS convention in San Francisco in the 1980s

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  Hawking with string theorists David Gross and Edward Witten at the Strings Conference in January 2001, TIFR, India

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  Hawking at the Bibliothèque nationale de France to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris, and the French release of his work God Created the Integers, 5 May 2006

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  Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress centre, 24 August 2015

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  Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, April 2007

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  President Barack Obama talks with Hawking in the White House before a ceremony presenting him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on 12 August 2009.

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  Hawking in Monty Python's "Galaxy Song" video at the comedy troupe's 2014 reunion show, Monty Python Live (Mostly)

Related pages

• List of astrophysicists

Notes

Part of a series of articles about
General relativity
[math]\displaystyle{ G_{\mu \nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu \nu}= {8\pi G\over c^4} T_{\mu \nu} }[/math]
Introduction History Mathematical formulation Tests
Fundamental concepts Principle of relativity Theory of relativity Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Rest frame Center-of-momentum frame Equivalence principle Mass–energy equivalence Special relativity Doubly special relativity de Sitter invariant special relativity World line Riemannian geometry
Phenomena Gravitoelectromagnetism Kepler problem Gravity Gravitational field Gravity well Gravitational lensing Gravitational waves Gravitational redshift Redshift Blueshift Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Shapiro time delay Gravitational potential Gravitational compression Gravitational collapse Frame-dragging Geodetic effect Gravitational singularity Event horizon Naked singularity Black hole White hole Spacetime Space Time Spacetime diagrams Minkowski spacetime Closed timelike curve (CTC) Wormhole Ellis wormhole
Equations Formalisms Equations Linearized gravity Einstein field equations Friedmann Geodesics Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein Curvature invariant (general relativity) Lorentzian manifold Formalisms ADM BSSN Post-Newtonian Advanced theory Kaluza–Klein theory Quantum gravity Supergravity
Solutions Schwarzschild (interior) Reissner–Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr–Newman Kasner Lemaître–Tolman Taub-NUT Milne Robertson–Walker pp-wave van Stockum dust Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou Vacuum solution (general relativity) Vacuum solution
Scientists Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedman Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Raychaudhuri Taylor Hulse van Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne others