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Hartford, Connecticut

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Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is on the Connecticut River and only 24 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts. The city of Hartford had 121,054 people as of 2020.[7] This is the third most people in the state behind Bridgeport and New Haven. It is an important center of Insurance. Airline service is provided from Bradley International Airport.

State capital
HartfordCT2022.jpg
Hartford Seminary - Hartford, CT - 2.jpgOldStateHouseHartford.jpgUniversity of Connecticut School of Law - Hartford, CT - 7.jpg
Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford (cropped).jpgCheney Building, Hartford CT - general view.JPG
Flag of Hartford
Flag
 
 
Hartford's location within Hartford County and Connecticut
Hartford's location within Hartford County and Connecticut
Coordinates: 41°45′45″N 72°40′27″W / 41.76250°N 72.67417°W / 41.76250; -72.67417Coordinates: 41°45′45″N 72°40′27″W / 41.76250°N 72.67417°W / 41.76250; -72.67417
CountryUnited States
StateConnecticut
CountyHartford
MSAGreater Hartford
SettledOctober 15, 1635; 389 years ago (1635-10-15)
NamedFebruary 21, 1637; 387 years ago (1637-02-21)[2]
Incorporated (city)May 29, 1784; 240 years ago (1784-05-29)[3]
ConsolidatedApril 1, 1896; 128 years ago (1896-04-01)[4]
Named forHertford, Hertfordshire
Area
[5]
 • State capital18.05 sq mi (46.76 km2)
 • Land17.38 sq mi (45.01 km2)
 • Water0.68 sq mi (1.75 km2)
 • Urban
535.93 sq mi (1,388.0 km2)
Elevation
[6]
30 ft (9 m)
Population
 (2020)[7]
 • State capital121,054
 • Density6,965.1/sq mi (2,689.5/km2)
 • Urban
977,158 (US: 47th)
 • Urban density1,823.3/sq mi (704.0/km2)
 • Metro
1,214,295 (US: 48th)
 • CSA
1,489,361 (US: 41st)
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
061xx
FIPS code09-37000
GNIS feature ID2378277[8]
Primary airportBradley International Airport
Secondary airportHartford–Brainard Airport
InterstatesI-84.svg I-91.svg
U.S. HighwaysUS 5.svg US 6.svg US 44.svg
State routesConnecticut Highway 2.svg Connecticut Highway 4.svg Connecticut Highway 15.svg Connecticut Highway 187.svg Connecticut Highway 189.svg
Websitewww.hartford.gov

Hartford has an American Hockey League team called the Hartford Wolf Pack, a rugby team called the Hartford Wanderers and a United Football League team called the Hartford Colonials. From 1979 to 1997 Hartford had a National Hockey League team called the Hartford Whalers.

History

Colonial Hartford

The first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch. They were led by Adriaen Block. They sailed up the Connecticut River in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam came back in 1623. They wanted to build a trading post and fortify the area for the Dutch West India Company. The first place was on the south bank of the Park River. This would have been in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop or the "House of Hope." In 1633, Jacob Van Curler bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief. He paid only a small price. A few families and a few dozen soldiers lived there at that time. Everyone left the fort by 1654. The area is known today as Dutch Point; the name of the Dutch fort "House of Hope" is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue.[9][10]

The English started to come in 1636. They settled upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown and Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhoods.[11]

19th century

 
1877 map of Hartford

Throughout the 19th century, Hartford's number of people, economic productivity, cultural influence, and political power continued to grow. The Industrial Revolution in Hartford in the mid-1800s made it one of the wealthiest per capita in United States.[12]

On December 15, 1814, people from the five New England states (Maine was still part of Massachusetts at that time) came together at the Hartford Convention. Unhappy about the War of 1812, they discussed New England possibly breaking away from the United States.[13]

During the early 19th century, the Hartford area was an important place for abolitionist activity. The most famous abolitionist family was the Beechers. The Reverend Lyman Beecher was an important Congregational minister known for his anti-slavery sermons.[14][15] His daughter, Harriet Beecher Stowe, wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; her brother Henry Ward Beecher was a well-known clergyman who strongly hated slavery. He also supported the temperance movement and women's suffrage.[16][17] The Stowes' sister Isabella Beecher Hooker was a leading member of the women's rights movement.[18]

20th century

 
Constitution Plaza's clock tower

On the week of April 12, 1909, the Connecticut River reached a record high flood stage of 24.5 feet (7.47 meters) above the low water mark. This flooded Hartford. It did a lot of damage.[19]

On July 6, 1944, one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States happened in Hartford. It happened at a performance of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. It became known as the Hartford Circus Fire.[20]

After World War II, many people from Puerto Rico moved to Hartford.[21]

Riverfront Plaza was opened in 1999. This connected the riverfront and the downtown area for the first time since the 1960s.[22]

21st century

In July 2017, Hartford thought about filing Chapter 9 bankruptcy. However, a state bailout later that year stopped the city from filing the form.[23][24][25]

Geography

 
Photograph of Hartford taken from the International Space Station (ISS)

The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 18.0 square miles (47 km2). Of that, 17.3 square miles (45 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (3.67%) is water.[26][27]

Climate

Hartford is in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfa). This means it has hot, humid summers and cold winters.[28]

People

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
17902,683
—
18003,52331.3%
18103,95512.3%
18204,72619.5%
18307,07449.7%
18409,46833.8%
185017,96689.8%
186029,15262.3%
187037,18027.5%
188042,01513.0%
189053,23026.7%
190079,85050.0%
191098,91523.9%
1920138,03639.6%
1930164,07218.9%
1940166,2671.3%
1950177,3976.7%
1960162,178−8.6%
1970158,017−2.6%
1980136,392−13.7%
1990139,7392.5%
2000121,578−13.0%
2010124,7752.6%
Est. 2018122,587[29]0.8%
Population 1800–1990[30]
 
Map of racial distribution in Hartford, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or other (yellow)

The census[31] of 2010 says that there were 124,775 people, 44,986 households, and 27,171 families living in the Hartford.

The people were 29.8% white, 38.7% African American or black, 0.6% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 23.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. 43.4% of the people were Hispanic or Latino, mostly from Puerto Rico. This amount is up from 32% in 1990.[32] Whites not of Latino background made up 15.8% of the people in 2010,[33] down from 63.9% in 1970.[34]

There were 44,986 households. Of that, 34.4% of them had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.2% were married couples living together, 29.6% had a woman with no husband, and 39.6% were not families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals. 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58. The average family size was 3.33.[33]

30.1% of the people younger than 18, 12.6% were 18 to 24 years old, 29.8% were 25 to 44 years old, 18.0% were 45 to 64 years old, and 9.5% were 65 years old or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 women, there were 91.4 men. For every 100 women aged 18 and over, there were 86.0 men.[33]

The median income for a household in Hartford was $20,820. The median income for a family was $22,051. Men had a median income of $28,444. Women had a median income of $26,131. The per capita income for the city was $13,428.[33]

Politics and Government

Hartford has a strong mayor-council government. In 2003, Hartford voted to have a mayor-council system. They had a council-manager form for more than 50 years. Mayor Eddie Perez was first elected in 2001. He was re-elected with 76% of the vote in 2003. He was the first strong mayor elected under the new government system. He is credited with lowering crime, reforming the school system, and helping the economy in the city. However, his reputation was hurt by accusations of corruption.[35] The current mayor is Luke Bronin.

Connecticut cities provide almost all local services such as fire and rescue, education, and snow removal. This is because county government no longer exists in Connecticut since 1960.[36]

In 2008, Hartford passed a law that gives services to all residents no matter what their immigration was. That law also stops police from arresting people only because of their immigration status. It also stops police from asking about a person's immigration status. In 2016, Hartford said it was a "Sanctuary city", although the term itself does not have an legal meaning.[37][38]

Hartford city vote
by party in presidential elections[39]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2016 90.22% 30,375 7.52% 2,531 2.26% 761
2012 93.24% 31,735 6.28% 2,138 0.48% 164
2008 91.75% 31,741 7.76% 2,686 0.49% 170
2004 79.64% 22,595 16.29% 4,623 4.07% 1,154
2000 80.22% 21,445 11.58% 3,095 8.20% 2,193
1996 82.92% 22,929 11.15% 3,082 5.94% 1,642
1992 73.30% 26,971 16.79% 6,180 9.91% 3,646
1988 76.08% 27,295 22.58% 8,100 1.35% 483
1984 71.17% 29,327 28.20% 11,621 0.63% 260
1980 69.75% 27,657 20.52% 8,138 9.73% 3,857
1976 72.02% 30,355 27.22% 11,473 0.76% 318
1972 66.45% 32,205 32.06% 15,535 1.49% 722
1968 71.27% 37,823 23.50% 12,468 5.23% 2,776
1964 83.36% 50,764 16.64% 10,132 0.00% 0
1960 72.03% 50,596 27.97% 19,647 0.00% 0
1956 54.79% 40,790 45.21% 33,657 0.00% 0
Voter registration and party enrollment as of November 2017[40]
Party Active voters Inactive voters Total voters Percent Change since 2015 [41] Percentage
Democratic 36,756 4,510 41,266 +0% 67%
Republican 2,085 242 2,327 +14% 4%
Unaffiliated 14,827 2,117 16,944 +21% 28%
Total 54,096 6,942 61,038 +5.8% 100%

Emergency services

The Hartford Fire Department provides all fire protection in Hartford. They have 12 fire stations in the Hartford. It is the fifth-biggest fire department in Connecticut. They also have a fire apparatus fleet.[42][43]

The Hartford Police Department was created in 1860. Although, law enforcement in Hartford started in 1636.[44] It is at 253 High Street.It includes divisions such as animal control, bomb squad, and detective bureau.

Hartford uses private companies to provide ambulances, including Aetna Ambulance.[45]

Economy

 
Travelers Tower in Downtown Hartford

Hartford is an important place for medical care, research, and education. In Hartford itself, the city has Hartford Hospital, The Institute of Living, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, and Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center (which merged in 1990 with Mount Sinai Hospital).[46]

In March 2018, Infosys said they would open a new technology innovation hub in Hartford. This would create up to 1,000 jobs by 2022. The Hartford technology innovation hub will focus on three key things- insurance, healthcare and manufacturing.[47]

Local unemployment is high in Hartford compared to other cities, the state, and the nation. Hartford's unemployment rate of 7.5% in the fall of 2018 was the highest of the four biggest cities in Connecticut.[48] As a whole, Connecticut's unemployment rate remains above 5% while the National rate hovers just under 4%.[48]

Media

 
The Hartford Courant Co. building

The daily Hartford Courant newspaper is the United States's oldest continuously published newspaper. It was created in 1764. A weekly newspaper called the Hartford Advocate also serves Hartford and the surrounding area. Other newspapers include the Hartford Business Journal ("Greater Hartford's Business Weekly") and the weekly Hartford News.[49]

The Hartford region also has some magazines. They include the Hartford Magazine,[50] a monthly lifestyle magazine serving Greater Hartford; CT Cottages & Gardens;[51] Connecticut Business,[52] a monthly magazine serving all of Connecticut; and Home Living CT,[53] a home and garden magazine published five times per year.

The Hartford/New Haven television market is the 29th biggest media market in the U.S.[54]

Education

Colleges and universities

Hartford has many famous institutions such as Trinity College.[55]

Primary and secondary education

Hartford Public Schools runs the public school system.[56] Hartford Public High School, the nation's second-oldest high school, is in the Asylum Hill neighborhood of Hartford.[57]

The Connecticut Department of Education says that Hartford's high school graduation rate reached 71 percent in 2013.[58]

Transportation

Highways

I-84 and I-91 intersect in downtown Hartford.[59]

Rail

 
Hartford's Union Station

Amtrak provides service from Hartford to Vermont via Springfield and southward to New Haven. The station also has many bus companies.[60]

Airports

Bradley International Airport (BDL) is in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. It has more than 150 flights every day. Those flights go to over 30 different places on 9 airlines. Connecticut Transit provides bus service between Bradley International Airport and downtown Hartford. Other airports serving the Hartford area include:[61]

Bus

Connecticut Transit (CTtransit) is owned by the Connecticut Department of Transportation. The Hartford Division of CTtransit runs the local bus service in the city and the surrounding area. Hartford's Downtown Area Shuttle (DASH) bus route is a free downtown circulator. All city buses have bike racks.[65]

Bicycle

There are bicycle lanes on many roads including Capitol Avenue, Zion Street, Scarborough Lane, Whitney, and South Whitney.[66]

Culture

The first American cookbook was American Cookery, The Art of Dressing Viands, Fish, Poultry, and Vegetables by Amelia Simons, was published in Hartford by Hudson & Goodwin in 1796. It was also the first cookbook to have recipes for squash and cornmeal. It also had the first published recipe for pumpkin pie. It influenced a generation of American baking with a recipe for leavening bread with pearl ash.[67] The full text of the book is available online.[68]

Hartford got praise from Food and Wine as "a foodie destination".[69][70]

Hartford has many seasonal farmers' markets.[71][72] The Hartford Regional Market is the biggest market between New York City and Boston.[73]

Sports

Club League, Sport Venue Founded Titles
Hartford Yard Goats EL, Baseball Dunkin' Donuts Park 1973 2
Hartford Wolf Pack AHL, Ice hockey XL Center 1926 1
Hartford Athletic USLC, Soccer Dillon Stadium 2019 0
Hartford Wanderers USA Rugby, Rugby Union 1966 0

The Hartford Wolf Pack of the American Hockey League plays ice hockey at the XL Center in downtown Hartford.[74]

As of 2019, Hartford has a USL team. They play in the 9,600 seat Dillon Stadium.[75]

Famous People

Hartford has had historically important people, such as dictionary author Noah Webster (1758–1843), inventor Sam Colt (1814–62), and American financier and industrialist J.P. Morgan (1837–1913).[76][77][78]

Some of America's most famous authors lived in Hartford, including Mark Twain (1835–1910). He moved to Hartford in 1874. Twain's next-door neighbor at Nook Farm was Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–96). Poet Wallace Stevens (1879–1955) was an insurance executive in Hartford. World War II correspondent Lyn Crost (1915–97) lived in Hartford.[79][80][81][82]

Sister cities

Hartford has many sister cities. They include:

Hartford, Connecticut Media

  • Capitol Region incorporated and unincorporated areas Hartford highlighted

References

  1. ↑ "Mayor Bronin Delivers State of the City Address". City of Hartford. March 13, 2017. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Post Nubila Phoebus – after the clouds, the sun. Our city's motto, written a long time ago, but written for such a time as this
  2. ↑ Burpee, Charles W (1928). History of Hartford County, Connecticut, 1633–1928: being a study of the first makers of the Constitution and the story of their lives, of their descendants and of all who have come. Vol. I. Chicago: S. J. Clarke. p. 41.
  3. ↑ Municipal Register of the City of Hartford. Hartford: The Smith-Linsley Company. 1909. p. 36.
  4. ↑ "State and Municipal Compendium". The Commercial & Financial Chronicle (New York): 37. April 1, 1897. https://books.google.com/books?id=1z9FAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37. "The town and city of Hartford were consolidated on April 1, 1896, and their debts are no longer reported separately". 
  5. ↑ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "QuickFacts: Hartford city, Connecticut". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  8. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hartford, Connecticut
  9. ↑ Sterner, Daniel (2012). A Guide to Historic Hartford, Connecticut. The History Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-60949-635-7. Retrieved 16 August 2014.[dead link]
  10. ↑ "House of Hope". The New Netherland Institute. The New Netherland Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  11. ↑ Scaeva (1853). Hartford in the Olden Time, Its First Thirty Years (1st ed.). Hartford: F.A. Brown. pp. 25–36.
  12. ↑ Lamb, David (15 June 2003). Once-Gilded City Buffing Itself Up. http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/15/nation/na-hartford15/2. Retrieved 8 June 2015. 
  13. ↑ "Hartford Convention | United States history" (in en). Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Hartford-Convention. Retrieved 2017-04-30. 
  14. ↑ "God In America - People - Lyman Beecher" (in en). God in America. https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/lyman-beecher.html. Retrieved 2017-04-30. 
  15. ↑ "Lyman Beecher - Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  16. ↑ "Harriet B. Stowe - Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  17. ↑ "Harriet Beecher Stowe's Life". www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  18. ↑ "Education & Resources - National Women's History Museum - NWHM". www.nwhm.org. Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  19. ↑ "Record-Breaking Flood at Hartford, Conn.". Popular Mechanics. June 1909. https://books.google.com/books?id=h-ADAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22popular+mechanics%22+1907&pg=PA10. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
  20. ↑ "Hartford Circus Fire: "The Tent's on Fire!" – Who Knew? | ConnecticutHistory.org". connecticuthistory.org. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  21. ↑ Cruz, Jose. "A Decade of Change: Putero Rican Politics in Hartford Connecticut" (PDF). trincoll.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  22. ↑ "Our History | Riverfront Recapture". www.riverfront.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  23. ↑ CARLESSO, JENNA. "Hartford Hires Bankruptcy Lawyer As City Officials Weigh Options" (in en-US). Courant Community. http://www.courant.com/community/hartford/hc-hartford-bankruptcy-lawyer-20170706-story.html. Retrieved 2017-07-09. 
  24. ↑ "Law Firm to Help Hartford Evaluate Restructuring Efforts" (in en). NBC Connecticut. http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/Law-Firm-to-Help-Hartford-Evaluate-Restructuring-Efforts-Greenberg-Traurig-LLP-432939023.html. Retrieved 2017-07-09. 
  25. ↑ Keating, Christopher. "Gov. Malloy Defends Long-Term Hartford Bailout" (in en-US). courant.com. http://www.courant.com/politics/hc-pol-malloy-defends-hartford-bailout-20180413-story.html. Retrieved 2018-10-10. 
  26. ↑ Office, Enter your Company or Top-Level. "DECD: DECD:Connecticut Population, Land Area, and Density by Location". www.ct.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  27. ↑ "Population per square mile, 2010". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  28. ↑ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  29. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  30. ↑ [1]
  31. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  32. ↑ Hartford (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau Archived 2012-05-08 at the Wayback Machine. Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Hartford (city), Connecticut". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-05-08.
  34. ↑ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12.
  35. ↑ "Mr. Perez For Mayor - HartfordInfo.org". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  36. ↑ "Connecticut Ends County Rule Oct. 1; State to Take Over Historic Government Units – Minor Court System Also to Go". The New York Times. 1960-08-14. https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/14/archives/connecticut-ends-county-rule-oct-1-state-to-take-over-historic.html. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 
  37. ↑ "Mayor Bronin Says Hartford to Remain a Sanctuary City". Connecticut Public Radio. November 18, 2016. https://www.wnpr.org/post/mayor-bronin-says-hartford-remain-sanctuary-city. 
  38. ↑ "Hartford Municipal Code". www.municode.com. July 3, 2019.
  39. ↑ "General Elections Statement of Vote 1922". CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website.
  40. ↑ http://portal.ct.gov/-/media/sots/ElectionServices/Registration_and_Enrollment_Stats/Nov17RPES.pdf?la=en
  41. ↑ http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/lib/sots/electionservices/registration_and_enrollment_stats/nov15re.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050323/http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/lib/sots/electionservices/registration_and_enrollment_stats/nov15re.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04
  42. ↑ "Hartford.Gov - Hartford Fire Department".
  43. ↑ "Hartford.Gov - About HFD". Archived from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  44. ↑ "Hartford.Gov - Department of Families, Children, Youth and Recreation". www.hartford.gov. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008.
  45. ↑ Bordobaro, Gregory (22 July 2013). CT's ambulance services fragmented, consolidated. Hartford Business Journal. http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20130722/PRINTEDITION/307189922. Retrieved 5 April 2015. 
  46. ↑ "Hospitals in Connecticut". www.connquest.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  47. ↑ "Global IT giant Infosys to bring 1,000 jobs to Hartford".
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Hartford, CT Unemployment | Homefacts". www.homefacts.com.
  49. ↑ "The Oldest US Newspaper in Continuous Publication | ConnecticutHistory.org". connecticuthistory.org. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  50. ↑ "Hartford Magazine - Hartford Courant".
  51. ↑ "Connecticut Cottages & Gardens". Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  52. ↑ "Ctbizmag.com". Archived from the original on 2007-02-25.
  53. ↑ "Home Living CT".
  54. ↑ "Home Page". hartfordradiohistory. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  55. ↑ Webmaster. "Trinity College". www.trincoll.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  56. ↑ "Hartford Public Schools | Where the Future is Present". www.hartfordschools.org. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  57. ↑ Varhola, Michael J. (2011-01-31). Life in Civil War America. F+W Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4403-1088-1.[dead link]
  58. ↑ [2] Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine The Hartford Courant. Retrieved on 2014-05-15.
  59. ↑ "The Interstate Highway System Comes to Hartford | ConnecticutHistory.org". connecticuthistory.org. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  60. ↑ Contrada, Fred (29 December 2014). First passenger train in a generation stops at Northampton as new Amtrak service begins. http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/12/first_passenger_train_in_a_gen.html. Retrieved 5 December 2015. 
  61. ↑ "Destinations". Bradleyairport.com. 2010-04-05. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
  62. ↑ "AirportIQ 5010". www.gcr1.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  63. ↑ "AirportIQ 5010". www.gcr1.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  64. ↑ "AirportIQ 5010". www.gcr1.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  65. ↑ "Hartford Routes & Schedules". CT Transit. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  66. ↑ HLADKY, GREGORY B.. "Bike Advocates Say Newly Passed Reforms Long Overdue" (in en-US). courant.com. http://www.courant.com/politics/hc-ct-bike-safety-laws-20150601-story.html. Retrieved 2017-05-20. 
  67. ↑ Huget, Jennifer (Spring 2006). "America's First Cookbook". Hog River Journal.
  68. ↑ "Full text of "American Cookery: The Art of Dressing Viands, Fish, Poultry, and Vegetables"". Archive.org. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  69. ↑ Landsel, David. "A Good Thing Has Happened in Hartford". foodandwine.com. Food and Wine. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  70. ↑ Landsel, David. "Will Food Make People Fall in Love With Hartford?". foodandwine.com. Food and Wine. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  71. ↑ "West End Farmers Market Strawberry Shortcake Day". connecticutmag.com. Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 26 June 2018.[dead link]
  72. ↑ Spiegel, Jan Ellen (22 January 2010). "Serving the Community, Satisfying the Palate". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/nyregion/24dinect.html. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  73. ↑ "Facts About the Hartford Regional Market". ct.gov. Connecticut Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  74. ↑ Pack, Hartford Wolf. "Hartford Wolf Pack". www.hartfordwolfpack.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  75. ↑ Staff, USLSoccer.com (2018-04-09). "Hartford Council Approves Dillon Stadium Deal" (in en-us). United Soccer League. https://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/906108. Retrieved 2018-05-11. 
  76. ↑ "Noah Webster and the Dream of a Common Language | ConnecticutHistory.org". connecticuthistory.org. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  77. ↑ HAAR, DAN. "Part 3: An Industrial Ecosystem Emerges Around Sam Colt's Guns" (in en-US). courant.com. http://www.courant.com/courant-250/moments-in-history/hc-250-p3-sam-colt-innovation-in-connecticut-20141224-story.html. Retrieved 2017-05-21. 
  78. ↑ "J. P. Morgan's Connecticut Roots | ConnecticutHistory.org". connecticuthistory.org. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  79. ↑ "Welcome to the Mark Twain House & Museum - Biography of Mark Twain". www.marktwainhouse.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  80. ↑ "Welcome to the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center". www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  81. ↑ Gordinier, Jeff (2012-02-23). "For the Poet Wallace Stevens, Hartford Was an Unlikely Muse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/travel/for-the-poet-wallace-stevens-hartford-was-an-unlikely-muse.html. Retrieved 2017-05-21. 
  82. ↑ (in en) Writing the War: The Story of Lyn Crost B'38. http://www.theindy.org/a/996. Retrieved 2017-05-21. 

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