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Latin music

Tango
A conjunto from the west of Cuba in 1926. The instruments are of Spanish, African and Indian origin

Latin music is a form of popular music played by from Latin America. For practical purposes that includes the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Much Latin music is accompanied by song (singing) in Spanish.

Latin music is a part of world music, which is the study of popular and traditional music in all countries.[1][2] Part of the story is also the influence of Latin music in other parts of the world, especially North America.[3][4]

In discussing Latin music these themes are important:

  1. Place: the country and sometimes the region of the music's origin.
  2. The former European colonial power and its heritage
  3. The culture of aboriginal inhabitants (the Indian tribes)
  4. The culture of slaves brought from Africa
  5. Musical style; for instance, church music will be different from art music, and different again from popular music. In this article we shall talk mostly about popular music.

For example, differences in the music of Peru from that of Brazil are influenced or caused by such differences:

  1. Peru had few African slaves. Its colonial power was Spain, and its Indian culture was and is quite strong. Most of the population is of mixed European and Indian descent.
  2. Brazil had many African slaves, especially in the Bahia province, and today has many people of mixed descent. Its colonial power was Portugal, and its people speak Portuguese, not Spanish. It is also geographically a vastly different country from Peru.

The influence of Europe

The influence of Europe, and in particular Spain, to Latin music is as follows:

  1. Musical notation. Not only does this allow music to be played by any groups who wish to, it enables composers to make money. In turn, this encourages musicians to write down the music and get it published. When music is published, it can give us a record of music which is no longer played regularly or even forgotten.
  2. European musical instruments. In every single South American and most Caribbean islands, the Spanish guitar is the most common instrument. In addition, variations of the guitar such as the Cuban tres and the Puerto Rican quattro, are widespread. Other important instruments are the cornet (later, the trumpet), the piano, the double bass, the violin and other instruments.
  3. Systematic teaching for composers, musicians and singers began with the first cathedral in Cuba (in Santiago de Cuba). The idea of formal instruction is used widely today to get a kind of uniformity, so that a band can replace a musician with another one who can perform to a similar standard.

The influence of Africa

The influence of Africa comes mostly from slaves who originally belonged to the Yoruba, Dahomey and Congo peoples. Its importance in a Latin country varies according to whether many slaves were brought to that country hundreds of years ago. The freeing (liberation) of slaves took place at various times from the middle to the end of the 19th century.[5] In Latin music its influence was:

  1. Percussion: most types of percussion, especially drums. In Cuba there were originally about 100 different types of drum.[6] This has been simplified to only three in common use: the conga drums, the bongos, and the timbales. The first two are of African origin. Other examples of African percussion instruments are the clavés,[7] and the shekeres.[8]
    Percussion is very important in almost any Afro-Latin group or orchestra. It is common for a conjunto (musical group) of ten or 12 musicians to have half of them playing percussion, and for even the stringed instruments to be plucked rather than bowed.
  2. Call and response in both music and song is common. A famous example is in the film Casablanca between the character Sam (Arthur "Dooley" Wilsonn) nd the band in the song Knock On Wood:
    CALL: Who's got trouble?
    RESPONSE: We've got trouble!
    CALL: How much trouble?
    RESPONSE: Too much trouble!
  3. Just as the Spanish brought the Catholic church, so the slaves brought their African religions, which today go by various names. The word santería means the fusion of catholic saints and African spirits, so for example the African orisha (spirit) Babalú is the counterpart of the Catholic saint San Lazaro.[9][10] The Yoruban religion in Cuba is usually called regla de ocha, while the Brazilian version of the same religion is called conbomblé.
    The ancient religions were not just a set of beliefs; they were the center of life in an uncertain world. The slaves brought their beliefs, their dances, their music, their instruments and their ceremonies with them in their minds. Where their masters allowed it, they reproduced the culture they had left behind. Since then, it has heavily influenced popular music in the Afro-Latin countries.[11]

Influence of indigenous peoples

West of the Andes, the music is clearly influence by the indigenous Indian peoples. The panpipes and flutes of Peru are distinctive, as is their most popular rhythms. In Ecuador forms of the flute occur, but most of the music is influenced by the European waltz (as the pasillo) and by various Afro-Latin styles from the Caribbean. Chile has the cueca, introduced in 1824. It was the "most popular air of Chile".[12][13] Despite this, the influence of the indigenous Indian peoples on Latin music is much less noticeable than the influence of European and African music. There are dozens of folk rhythms which survive,[14] but usually they have had had little or no effect outside their particular locale, whereas the influence of the Spanish and African peoples is seen almost everywhere. In Argentina, the famous tango uses a rhythmical device known as the cinquillo. This is a syncopated rhythm similar to that in the Cuban habanera.[15] Syncopation and polyrhythms are unmistakable signs of Africa. Argentine music has a number of folk tunes and rhythms of Indian origin, but the tango is dominant and the other rhythms are not.

Latin Music in North America

Lydia Mendoza (1916–2007), a singer of Mexican descent, became the first American-born Hispanic to record a song in Spanish (1928).[16][17][18] Hispanics recording music was rare during the early 1900s. In 1960s, Tejano music (in Southern United States, Mexico), Spanish folk (in Spain), salsa (in Puerto Rico), cumbia (in South America), and bachata (in Dominican Republic) were the most popular forms of Latin music at the time.

Latin music became very popular in North America and the United States in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, especially mambo, cha-cha-cha, Boogaloo and Latin soul. The popular television program I Love Lucy (1951-57) featured the character Ricky Ricardo, who was the bandleader of a Cuban orchestra in New York.

In the 1970s, bolero became a popular music genre in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican singer Hector Lavoe became one of its important musicians.[19] In the United States, many Hispanics were discriminated against for speaking Spanish. Because of this, many children and young adults favored English music such as rock and roll and tried not to speak Spanish outside of their home. In the 1980s, Latin music started becoming popular again. American music magazine, Billboard added several Latin music-categories. These include Top Latin Albums, Regional Mexican Albums, Tropical Albums and the Latin Pop Albums chart. Because of this, younger generations became interested in recording Latin music. During the late 1980s, freestyle music became a popular Latin music genre. Freestyle music was rarely recorded in Spanish.

In the 1990s, artists including Selena,[20] Gloria Estefan,[21] Luis Miguel,[22] and Thalía[23] became popular in this decade. They helped Latin music and recording Latin music popular for young children and adults. Selena became the most popular Latin artist of the United States in 1995,[24] when she was murdered at 23. She became the first and only Latin artist to peak an album that contained mostly Spanish music at number one on the Billboard 200 chart.[25] At the time of her death, she was competing with Michael Jackson[26] and Janet Jackson[27] with her album Dreaming of You (1995) which sold 3,000,000 copies its first year. Enrique Iglesias,[28] Shakira, Marc Anthony,[29] Ricky Martin, and Jennifer Lopez became popular in the mid and late 1990s.

In the 2000s, Latin music began to see a decrease of music sales. Tejano music became less popular, although the "Queen of Tejano music", Selena became the "Top Latin Artist of the Decade" by Billboard magazine in 1999.[30][31] Shakira,[32] Ricky Martin,[33] and Jennifer Lopez[34] continued to become more popular and had number one singles and albums in the Billboard 200. Marc Anthony, Aventura, Don Omar, and Enrique Iglesias remained popular in the Latin scene. In the 2010s, Prince Royce, Pitbull, Romeo Santos, and Wisin & Yandel became popular during this decade. Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin, and Shakira crossover into English music with some Spanish releases. In the 2010s, bachata music became popular because of Prince Royce and Romeo Santos. As of 2012, Selena remains the best-selling Latin artist with 60,000,000 copies sold worldwide.[35] Jennifer Lopez is second with 55,000,000 copies sold worldwide.[36]

References

  1. ↑ Broughton, Simon & Ellingham, Mark 2000.World music. Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. London: The Rough Guide. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
  2. ↑ Hanly, Francis & May, Tim 1989. Rhythms of the world. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-20790-6
  3. ↑ Roberts, John Storm 1979. The latin tinge: the impact of latin american music on the United States. Oxford University press. ISBN 0-19-502564-4
  4. ↑ Roberts, John Storm 1999. Latin jazz: the first of the fusions, 1880s to today. New York: Schirmer. ISBN 0-02-864681-9
  5. ↑ Thomas, Hugh 1997. The slave trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440-1870. Picador, London.
  6. ↑ Ortiz, Fernando 1952. Los instrumentos de la musica Afrocubana. 5 volumes, La Habana.
  7. ↑ short hardwood sticks
  8. ↑ hollow gourds with a network of beads on the outside.
  9. ↑ Murphy, Joseph M. 1988. Santería: an African religion in America. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-1015-4
  10. ↑ Canizares, Raul 1993. Walking the night: the afro-cuban world of santeria. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny. ISBN 0-89281-366-0
  11. ↑ Sublette, Ned 2004. Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo. Chicago Review Press, Part III Afro-Cuba p159 et seq. ISBN 1-55652-516-8
  12. ↑ Slonimsky, Nicolas (1945). Music of Latin America. Thomas Y. Crowell company.
  13. ↑ La Tonada
  14. ↑ Box, Ben (1992 [and subsequent editions]). South American Handbook. New York City: Trade & Travel. At the beginning of each chapter (except the Guianas) is a section on "Music and Dance" written by Nigel Gallop, an Englishman, fluent in Spanish and Portuguese, who lived and worked in almost every country of South America.
  15. ↑ habanera: a Cuban rhythm and dance of the second half of the 19th century. Its music is, like most Cuban music, Afro-latin in style.
  16. ↑ Associated Press. "Talented Texans to be honored," Houston Chronicle, February 7, 2003, page 2.
  17. ↑ "Thanks for telling the story of Texas through the arts" (editorial), Austin American-Statesman, February 9, 2003.
  18. ↑ "Legislature honors 13 artists, patrons," San Antonio Express-News, March 26, 2003, page 2B.
  19. ↑ Amary Santiago Torres (2008-08-08) (in Spanish). Regresa al pueblo del salsero. http://www.primerahora.com/regresaalpueblodelsalsero-217715.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11. [dead link]
  20. ↑ Mayfield, Geoff (December 25, 1999). "Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.) 111 (52): YE–16–18. ISSN 0006-2510 . https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&dq=selena&pg=PA66. Retrieved March 30, 2010. 
  21. ↑ "Gloria Estefan - Latin Pop Superstar". Latinmusic.about.com. 2007-08-24. Archived from the original on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
  22. ↑ "RIAA Certifications on Luis Miguel". RIAA. Archived from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  23. ↑ Thalía's interview on Good Day New York. Nov 1, 2011. http://www.nuestrathalia.com/2011/11/01/thalias-interview-on-good-day-new-york/. 
  24. ↑ True, Philip (17 April 1995). Selena's fans may turn her into folk hero. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFE755B6E0302E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 10 October 2011. 
  25. ↑ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard 107 (23): 112. https://books.google.com/books?id=0QsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Selena+Entre+a+Mi+Mundo&pg=PA62. Retrieved 11 October 2011. 
  26. ↑ Lannert, John (1995). "Selena's 'Dreaming of You' Is Bittersweet". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (38): 108. https://books.google.com/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Dreaming+of+You+second-highest+debut&pg=PA1. Retrieved 28 November 2011. 
  27. ↑ Harrington, Richard (29 July 1995). Slain Tejano Singer Selena's Album Tops Pop Chart. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z9VYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gfEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,5125665&dq=dreaming+of+you+selena&hl=en. Retrieved 22 July 2011. 
  28. ↑ "Enrique Iglesias". MTV. Archived from the original on 2013-08-03. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  29. ↑ Marc Anthony Iconos Nuevo Disco 2010 – Blog SonicoMusica.com para escuchar buena musica online Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine. Sonicomusica.info (February 22, 1999). Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  30. ↑ Platenburg, Gheni (27 April 2012). Selena Gomez stuns on tribute record. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/selena-gomez-stuns-on-tribute-record-16150808.html. Retrieved 16 May 2012. 
  31. ↑ Selena's husband Chris Perez at H-E-B 6pm. 18 April 2012. http://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2012/apr/18/gp_selenaadvance_041912_173913/?entertainment&local-business. Retrieved 16 May 2012. 
  32. ↑ Chart Positions US CA: Laundry Service allmusic. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
  33. ↑ Billboard peak positions Archived 2012-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  34. ↑ J.Lo [Clean Bonus Track] at Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-11-17
  35. ↑ "A 17 años de su trágica muerte, Selena Quintanilla vuelve en grande". E! Online (in Spanish). 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  36. ↑ "Ask Billboard: Analyzing 'American Idol' – Chart Beat". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
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