List of epidemics and pandemics

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This article is a list of major pandemics and epidemics caused by infectious diseases in human history. Events in boldface are ongoing.

Epidemics with at least 1 million deaths
Rank Epidemics/pandemics Date First outbreak Location Death toll
1 The Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel the Elder.jpg
Black Death 		1346–1353 Xi'an, China Europe, Asia and North Africa 75–200 million
2 Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg
Spanish flu 		1918–1920 Manhattan, Kansas, USA Worldwide 17–100 million
3 Plaguet03.jpg
Plague of Justinian 		541–542 Pelusium, Egypt Europe and West Asia 15–100 million
4 HIV/AIDS pandemic 1981–present East Africa Worldwide 44 million+ (2025)
5 Man being injected by doctor, during the outbreak of bubonic Wellcome V0029287.jpg
Third plague pandemic 		1855–1960 Yunnan, China Worldwide 12–15 million
6 FlorentineCodex BK12 F54 smallpox.jpg
Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 		1545–1548 Mexico North America 5–15 million
7 The angel of death striking a door during the plague of Rome Wellcome V0010664.jpg
Antonine Plague 		165–180 Seleucia, Iraq Roman Empire 5–10 million
8 Aztec smallpox victims.jpg
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic 		1519–1520 Mexico North America 5–8 million
9 Covid-19 SP - UTI V. Nova Cachoeirinha.jpg
COVID-19 pandemic 		2019–present Wuhan, China Worldwide 7.1-42 million (as of 2025)
10 Asian flu in Sweden 1957 (2).jpg
Asian flu 		1957–1958 Guizhou, China Worldwide 1–4 million
Hong Kong flu 1968–1969 Hong Kong Worldwide
11 1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic 1918–1922 Russia Siberia 2–3 million
14 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic 735–737 Dazaifu, Fukuoka Japan 2 million
1772–1773 Persian Plague 1772–1773 Baghdad, Iraq Persia 2 million
16 Micco Spadaro - Largo Mercatello durante la peste a Napoli (1656).jpg
Naples Plague 		1656–1658 Naples, Italy Europe 1.25 million
17 Fedotov cholera.jpg
Third cholera pandemic 		1846–1860 Mecca, Saudi Arabia Worldwide 1 million+
18 Melchiorre Gherardini, Piazza di S. Babila durante la peste del 1630.jpg
1629–1631 Italian plague 		1629–1631 Milan, Italy Europe 1 million
Everyone has Influenza - The Round of Doctors and Druggists.jpg
1889–1890 flu pandemic 		1889–1890 Bukhara, Russia Worldwide 1 million

Worldwide Pandemics

Regional

Asia

Central and South America

Europe

Egypt & North Africa

North America

Related pages

References

  • Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
  • Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5
  • Kinch, Michael. Between Hope and Fear: A History of Vaccines and Human Immunity. New York: Pegasus Books, 2018. ISBN 9781681777511
  • Rosen, William, Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe, New York: Penguin Random House, 2008 ISBN 9780143113812
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Morens, David M.. Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties. Reviews in Medical Virology 21 (5) (September 2011). p. 262–284. doi:10.1002/rmv.689.
  2. ↑ Justinian's Flea -. www.justiniansflea.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  3. ↑ Three Books on the Black Death | The Heritage Portal. www.theheritageportal.co.za. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  4. ↑ Raoult, Didier. The history of epidemic typhus (in en). Historical Aspects of Infectious Diseases, Part I. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 18 (1) (2004-03-01). p. 127–140. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00093-X.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Peter M. Sandman. A severe pandemic is not overdue - it's not when but if (in en). CIDRAP (2007-02-22). Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Cholera - Cholera through history (in en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  7. ↑ Rolleston, J. D.. The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870–1874: President's Address (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 27 (2) (December 1933). p. 177–192. doi:10.1177/003591573302700245.
  8. ↑ The Great Influenza (in en). Wikipedia (2020-06-27).
  9. ↑ What Are HIV and AIDS? (in en). HIV.gov (2020-06-05). Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  10. ↑ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (in en). www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  11. ↑ CDC. 2009 H1N1 Pandemic (in en-us). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019-06-11). Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  12. ↑ Home (in en). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  13. ↑ Coronavirus Update (Live): 106,308,198 Cases and 2,318,294 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - Worldometer (in en). www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  14. ↑ what's the story?. Diphtheria. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  15. ↑ Between Hope and Fear. pegasusbooks.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  16. ↑ Timeline | History of Vaccines (in en). www.historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 Disease & Death in Early America: Tully Area Historical Society. www.tullyhistoricalsociety.org. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  18. ↑ Morens, David M.. The Past Is Never Dead—Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachusetts, 1713. Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 (7) (July 2015). p. 1257–1260. doi:10.3201/eid2107.150397.
  19. ↑ NYCdata: Cholera Outbreak (1849). www.baruch.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  20. ↑ Watson, Denise. The Yellow Fever outbreak wiped out 3,000 in Hampton Roads. On Wednesday, they'll be remembered.. pilotonline.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  21. ↑ First victim of Memphis yellow fever epidemic dies (in en). HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  22. ↑ The Typhoid Epidemic at Butler, Pa (in en). Journal of the American Medical Association XLI (25) (1903-12-19). p. 1542. doi:10.1001/jama.1903.02490440032004.
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