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Open-mid front unrounded vowel

The open-mid front unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as e, as in get.

Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
Encoding
X-SAMPAE
 

Characteristics

Template:Vowels

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Akan (Twi) ɛyɛ [ɛjɛ] 'it is good/fine' See Akan phonology
Arabic Quranic اَ'تٰى'هُمْ/atāhum [atɛːhum] 'he came to them' /aː/ in Modern Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[1] 'է'ջ/ēj [ɛd͡ʒ] 'page'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.
Bengali[3] 'ব্যাঙ'/bêṅ [bɛŋ] 'frog' Also pronounced as /æ/. See Bengali phonology
Breton[4] gwenn [ˈɡwɛnː] 'white'
Bulgarian[5] п'е'т/pet [pɛt̪] 'five' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6] s'e't [ˈsɛt] 'seven' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[7] 天 / ti'ān' [tʰi̯ɛn˥] (help·info) 'sky' Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvash ҫепĕҫ [ˈɕɛp̬ɘɕ] 'gentle, tender'
Czech[8][9] l'e'd [lɛt] 'ice' In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[8] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[10][11] fr'i'sk [ˈfʁɛsk] 'fresh' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[12] b'e'd [bɛt] (help·info) 'bed' See Dutch phonology
The Hague[13] j'ij' [jɛ̞ː] (help·info) 'you' Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
English General American[14] bed [bɛd] (help·info) 'bed'
Northern England[15] May be somewhat lowered.[15]
Received Pronunciation[16][17] Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Younger General Australian speakers Realization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. See Australian English phonology
Scottish[18]
Cockney[19] fat [fɛt] 'fat'
Singaporean[20]
New Zealand[21] See New Zealand English phonology
Broad Australian Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See Australian English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[22]		 Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
Belfast[23] days [dɛːz] 'days' Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[24] mate [mɛt] 'mate' Speakers exhibit the met–mate merger.
Faroese[25] fr'e'kt [fɹɛʰkt] 'greedy' See Faroese phonology
French[26][27] b'ê'te [bɛt̪] (help·info) 'beast' See French phonology
Galician f'e'rro [ˈfɛro̝] 'iron' See Galician phonology
Georgian[28] გ'ე'დი/gedi [ɡɛdi] 'swan'
German Standard[29][30] B'e'tt [b̥ɛt] (help·info) 'bed' Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[31] See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent[32] od'er' [ˈoːdɛ] 'or' Used instead of [ɐ].[32] See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[32]
Swabian accent[33] f'e'tt [fɛt] 'fat' Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[33] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[34] S'ee' [z̥ɛː] 'lake' Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[35] See Standard German phonology
Hindustani Hindi–Urdu ख़ैरियत–خیریت / khairiyat [xɛːɾɪjət̪] 'well-being' See Hindustani phonology.
Hungarian lesz [ˈlɛsː] 'will be' Allophone of [æ].
Italian[36] b'e'ne [ˈbɛːne] (help·info) 'good' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[37] mbre [ˈᵐbɾɛ] 'with'
Korean 매미 / m'ae'mi [mɛːmi] 'cicada' Merged with /e/ for many speakers. See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) h'e'vde [hɛvdɛ] 'seventeen' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) هه‌ڤده/hevde [hɛvdæ]
Pehlewî (Southern) [hɛvdæ]
Limburgish[38][39][40] cr'è'me [kʀ̝ɛːm] 'cream' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian m'e'sti [mɛs̪t̪ɪ] 'throw' See Lithuanian phonology
Lower Sorbian[41] s'e'rp [s̪ɛrp] 'sickle'
Luxembourgish[42] St'ä'r [ʃtɛːɐ̯] 'star' Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[42] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian[43][44] Standard м'е'д/med [ˈmɛd̪] 'honey' See Macedonian language § Vowels
Malay Standard paling [pälɛŋ] 'most' Possible realisation of /i/ and /e/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
Negeri Sembilan cepat [cɔpɛʔ] 'quick' See Negeri Sembilan Malay
karpet [käpɛʔ] 'carpet'
Kelatan-Pattani ayam [äjɛː] 'chicken' See Kelatan-Pattani
Terengganu biasa [bɛsə] 'normal' See Terengganu Malay
Perak mata [matɛ] 'eye' See Perak Malay
kero [kɛro̞] 'crab'
Norman Jersey affaûrder [afɔrˈdɛ] 'to afford'
Norwegian Sognamål[45] p'e'st [pʰɛst] 'plague' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan gr'è'ga [ˈɣɾɛɣɔ] 'Greek' See Occitan phonology
Polish[46] t'e'n [t̪ɛn̪] (help·info) 'this one' (nom. m.) See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[47][48] p'é' [ˈpɛ] 'foot' Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [[[:Template:IPAplink]] Template:IPAplink Template:IPAplink Template:IPAplink Template:IPAplink], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[49] t'em'po [ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu] 'time' Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[50] v'e'de [ˈvɛɟe] '(he) sees' Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[51] 'э'то/eto [ˈɛt̪ə] (help·info) 'this' See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[52] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.
Slovene m'e't [mɛ́t] 'throw' (n.) See Slovene phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[53] las madr'e's [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] 'the mothers' Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[53]
Swahili shule [ʃulɛ] 'school'
Swedish Central Standard[54] 'ä't [ɛ̠ːt̪] 'eat' (imp.) Somewhat retracted.[54] See Swedish phonology
Tagalog p'e'k'e' [ˈpɛxɛʔ] 'fake' See Tagalog phonology
Telugu చేప [tʃɛːa] 'Fish'
మేక [mɛːka] 'Goat'
Thai 'แ'ตร / trae [trɛː˧] 'horn (instrument)'
Turkish[55][56] ülk'e' [y̠l̠ˈkɛ] 'country' Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[55] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[56] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[57] д'е'нь/den' [dɛnʲ] 'day' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[41][58] č'e'lo [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] 'calf'
Welsh nesaf [nɛsav] 'next' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian[59] b'e'ppe [ˈbɛpə] 'grandma' See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[60] ẹsẹ̀ [ɛ̄sɛ] 'leg'

References

  1. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ↑ Khan (2010), p. 222.
  4. ↑ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
  5. ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  6. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  7. ↑ Lin (2007), p. 65.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  9. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  10. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  11. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  12. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  13. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  14. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  16. ↑ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  17. ↑ Received PronunciationBritish Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  18. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  19. ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  20. ↑ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  21. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  22. ↑ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  23. ↑ Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  24. ↑ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  25. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  26. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  27. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  28. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  29. ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  30. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  31. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  34. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  35. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  36. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  37. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  38. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  39. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  40. ↑ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Stone (2002), p. 600.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  43. ↑ Friedman (2001:10)
  44. ↑ Lunt (1952:10–11)
  45. ↑ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  46. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  47. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  48. ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  50. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  51. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  52. ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  57. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  58. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  59. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  60. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
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