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Perugia

Perugia (said "Pah-ru-zha" Loudspeaker.png pronunciation (info • help)) is the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber River, and the capital of the province of Perugia. The city is about 100 miles (160 kilometres) north of Rome. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area.

Comune
Comune di Perugia
Perugia panoramic.jpg
CountryItaly
RegionUmbria
ProvincePerugia (PG)
FrazioniSee list
Government
 • MayorWladimiro Boccali (Democratic Party)
Area
 • Total449.92 km2 (173.72 sq mi)
Elevation
493 m (1,617 ft)
Population
 (30 September 2010)
 • Total168,066
 • Density373.546/km2 (967.481/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
06100
Patron saintSt. Constantius, St. Herculanus, St. Lawrence
Saint day29 January
WebsiteOfficial website
View from Perugia, over a valley below.
Perugia griffin, in a medieval Latin document.
Skyline of Perugia hilltop city and valley

The history of Perugia goes back to the Roman Empire. However, major parts of the city have been destroyed, and rebuilt, because of many wars, and of earthquakes in the mid-19th century. In recent decades, the city has been known as a university town, with the University of Perugia (about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges, also. There are annual festivals and events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival, and the International Journalism Festival (in April).

Perugia is a well-known artistic center of Italy. The famous painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino, came from Città della Pieve near Perugia. He decorated the local Sala del Cambio with a beautiful series of frescoes; eight of his pictures can also be seen in the National Gallery of Umbria.[1] Perugino was the teacher of Raphael,[2] the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city)[3] and one fresco.[4] Another famous painter, Pinturicchio, lived in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia. The city symbol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form of plaques and statues on buildings around the city.

History

Perugia was an Umbrian settlement[5] but first appears in written history as Perusia, one of the twelve confederate cities of Etruria.[5] It was first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's account, used by Livy, of the expedition carried out against the Etruscans by Fabius Maximus Rullianus[6] in 310 or 309 BC. At that time, a thirty-year indutiae (truce) was agreed upon;[7] however, in 295 BC, Perusia took part in the Third Samnite War and was reduced, with Volsinii and Arretium (Arezzo), to seek for peace in the following year.[8]

 
Another view of central Perugia.

In 216 and 205 BC, Perugia assisted Rome in the Second Punic War. Little else is known until 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony) took refuge there, in the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian. Much of ancient Perugia was destroyed by Octavian (later became Emperor Augustus) after a long siege, and its senators were sent to their death. A number of lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city.[9] The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of Vulcan and Juno. The huge Etruscan terrace-walls,[10] naturally, can hardly have suffered at all. Afterward, the town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever came. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases of statues exist, inscribed with the words "Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta". However, the town did not become a colonia, until 251-253 AD, when it was resettled as Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia, under the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.[11]

Perugia is hardly mentioned, except by the geographers, until it was the only city in Umbria to resist Totila, who captured it and laid the city waste in 547, after a long siege, apparently after the city's Byzantine garrison evacuated. Negotiations with the besieging forces fell to the city's bishop, Herculanus, as representative of the townspeople.[12] Totila is said to have ordered the bishop to be flayed and beheaded. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the city's patron saint.[13]

 
View of other hills around Perugia.

In the Lombard period, Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of Tuscia.[14] In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities: Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo, etc. In 1186, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, rex romanorum and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to the consular government of the city; afterward Pope Innocent III, whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the patrimony of St. Peter, acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognized the established civic practices having the force of law.[15]

 
Medieval aqueduct

On various occasions, the popes found asylum, from the conflicts in Rome, within its walls, and it was the meeting-place of five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), including those which elected Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); the papal presence was characterized by a peace-time rule between the internal rivalries.[15] But Perugia had no mind simply to serve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty: the city used to exercise a jurisdiction over the members of the clergy. Also, in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military conflict against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition. In the other hand, side by side with the 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia, above the door of the Palazzo dei Priori stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion: Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines. However this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy.[15] The Angevin presence in Italy appeared offer a counterpoise to papal powers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saint Louis of Toulouse "Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors"[16] and set his figure among the other patron saints above the rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori. At the half of the 14th century, Bartholus of Sassoferrato, who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support.[15] In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman Republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors to pay him honour; and, when papal messengers sought to force it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however the vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Pope Gregory IX,[17] was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.[18]

 
Palazzo dei Priori: the center of communal government

Civic peace was constantly disturbed in the 14th century by struggles between the party representing the people (Raspanti) and the nobles (Beccherini). After the assassination in 1398 of Biordo Michelotti, who had made himself lord of Perugia, the city became a pawn in the Italian Wars, passing to Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400), to Pope Boniface IX (1403), and to Ladislas of Naples (1408–14) before it settled into a period of sound governance under the Signoria of the condottiero Braccio da Montone (1416–24), who reached a concordance with the Papacy. Following mutual atrocities of the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who, though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500.[18] Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X; and in 1540 Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges. A citadel known as the Rocca Paolina, after the name of Pope Paul III (Italian: Paolo), was built, to the designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam."[19]

 
In the Rocca Paolina.

In 1797, the city was conquered by French troops. On 4 February 1798, the Tiberina Republic was formed, with Perugia as the capital, and the French tricolour as flag. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic merged to the Roman Republic.

In 1832, 1838 and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of the Roman republic of 1848-49, when the Rocca was in part demolished,[18] it was seized in May 1849 by the Austrians. In June 1859, the people rebelled against the temporal authority of the Pope and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was quashed bloodily by Pius IX's troops.[20] In September 1860 the city was united finally, along with the rest of Umbria, as part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Economy

Perugia has become famous for chocolate, mostly because of a single firm, Perugina, whose Baci (kisses) are widely exported.[21] Perugian chocolate is very popular in Italy,[22] and the city hosts a chocolate festival every October.[23]

Geography

Perugia is the capital city of the region of Umbria. Cities' distances from Perugia: Assisi 19 km (12 miles), Siena 102 km (63 mi), Florence 145 km, Rome 164 km (102 miles).

Climate

Even though Perugia is in the Central part of Italy, the city has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), similar to much of Northern Italy.

Climate data for Perugia (1971–2000, extremes 1967–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.3
(63.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		35.0
(95) 		37.5
(99.5) 		39.6
(103.3) 		38.9
(102) 		35.3
(95.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		39.6
(103.3)
Average high °C (°F) 8.9
(48) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		26.1
(79) 		30.0
(86) 		30.0
(86) 		25.5
(77.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		18.9
(66)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.8
(73) 		19.2
(66.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.9
(48) 		5.5
(41.9) 		13.2
(55.8)
Average low °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		1.1
(34) 		2.6
(36.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.8
(55) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.8
(35.2) 		7.5
(45.5)
Record low °C (°F) -15.8
(3.6) 		-17.0
(1.4) 		-8.3
(17.1) 		-5.0
(23) 		-1.9
(28.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		6.9
(44.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		-1.4
(29.5) 		-8.2
(17.2) 		-14.8
(5.4) 		-17.0
(1.4)
Precipitation mm (inches) 52.7
(2.075) 		56.8
(2.236) 		54.0
(2.126) 		72.0
(2.835) 		75.6
(2.976) 		69.9
(2.752) 		37.4
(1.472) 		49.7
(1.957) 		87.6
(3.449) 		85.7
(3.374) 		94.7
(3.728) 		68.4
(2.693) 		804.5
(31.673)
% Humidity 83 77 73 74 74 71 68 69 71 76 82 85 75
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.1 7.1 7.0 8.7 8.4 7.1 4.7 4.9 6.5 7.7 8.4 7.8 85.4
Source: Servizio Meteorologico (humidity 1968–1990)[24][25][26]

Demographics

 
Houses in Perugia.

In 2007, there were 163,287 people living in Perugia, in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.4 percent of the people, compared to pensioners, who number 21.5%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.1 percent (minors) and 19.9% (pensioners). The average age of Perugia residents is 44, compared to the Italian nationwide average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the number of people grew by 7.86%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.[27]

As of 2006, 90.84% of the people were Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (particularly from Albania and Romania): 3.93%, the Americas: 2.01%, and North Africa: 1.3%. Most people are Roman Catholic.

Education

Perugia today hosts two main universities, the ancient University of Perugia (Italian: Università degli Studi) and the University for Foreigners Perugia (Università per Stranieri). Stranieri serves as an Italian language and culture school for students from all over the world.[28] Other educational institutions are the Perugia Fine Arts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (founded in 1573), the Perugia Music Conservatory for the study of classical music, and the RAI Public Broadcasting School of Radio-Television Journalism.[29] The city is also host to the Umbra Institute, an accredited university program for American students studying abroad.[30] The Università dei Sapori (University of Tastes), a National centre for Vocational Education and Training in Food, is in the city as well.[31]

Frazioni

The comune includes the frazioni of Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano, Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano. Collestrada, in the territorio of the suburb of Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle between the people of Perugia and Assisi in 1202.

Main sights

Churches

 
Fontana Maggiore (fountain)
  • The Cathedral of S. Lorenzo.
  • Church and abbey of San Pietro (late 16th century).
  • Basilica of San Domenico (begun in 1394 and finished in 1458). It is in the place where, in the Middle Ages, the market and the horse fair were held, and where the Dominicans settled in 1234. According to Vasari, the church was designed by Giovanni Pisano. The interior decorations were redesigned by Carlo Maderno, while the massive belfry was partially cut around mid-16th century. It houses examples of Umbrian art, including the precious tomb of Pope Benedict XI and a Renaissance wooden choir.
  • Church of Sant'Angelo or of San Michele Arcangelo (it is the same) (5th-6th centuries). It is an example of Palaeo-Christian art with central plan recalling that of Santo Stefano Rotondo in Rome. It has 16 antique columns.
  • Church of San Bernardino (with facade by Agostino di Duccio).
  • Church of Sant' Ercolano (early 14th century). Currently resembling a polygonal tower, it had once two floors. The upper one was demolished when the Rocca Paolina was built. It includes Baroque decorations commissioned from 1607. The main altar is made of a 4th sarcophagus found in 1609.
  • Church of Sant'Antonio da Padova di Perugia.
  • Church of Santa Giuliana, heir of a female monastery founded in 1253, which in its later years gained a reputation for dissoluteness, until the French turned it into a granary. It is now a military hospital. The church, with a single nave, has traces of the ancient frescoes (13th century), which probably covered all the walls. The cloister is a noteworthy example of Cistercian architecture of the mid-14th century, attributed to Matteo Gattapone. This is contemporary with the upper part of the campanile, whose base is from the 13th century.
  • Knights Templar church of San Bevignate.

Secular buildings

  • The Palazzo dei Priori (Town Hall, encompassing the Collegio del Cambio, Collegio della Mercanzia, and Galleria Nazionale), one of Italy's greatest buildings.[32] The Collegio del Cambio has frescoes by Pietro Perugino, while the Collegio della Mercanzia has a fine later 14th century wooden interior.
  • Fontana Maggiore, a medieval fountain designed by Fra Bevignate and sculpted by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano.
  • Chapel of San Severo, which retains a fresco painted by Raphael[4] and Perugino.
  • the Rocca Paolina, a Renaissance fortress (1540–1543) of which only a bastion today is remaining. The original design was by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and Bastiano da Sangallo aka Aristotile da Sangallo), and included the Porta Marzia (3rd century BC), the tower of Gentile Baglioni's house and a mediaeval cellar.
  • Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, the university's botanical garden

Antiquities

 
Etruscan Arch Porta Augusta
  • the Ipogeo dei Volumni (Hypogeum of the Volumnus family), an Etruscan chamber tomb
  • an Etruscan Well (Pozzo Etrusco).
  • National Museum of Umbrian Archaeology, where one of the longest inscription in Etruscan is conserved, the so-called Cippus perusinus.
  • Etruscan Arch (also known as Porta Augusta), an Etruscan gateway with Roman elements.

Modern architecture

  • Centro Direzionale (1982–1986), an administration civic center owned by the Umbria Region. The building was designed by the Pritzker Architecture prize winner Aldo Rossi.[33]

Art

 
Pietro Perugino, Self-portrait

Perugia has had a rich tradition of art and artists. The High Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino created some of his masterpieces in the Perugia area. The other High Resaissance master Raphael was also active in Perugia and painted his famous Oddi Altar there in 1502-1504.

Today, the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria in Perugia houses a number of masterpieces, including the Madonna with Child and Six Angels (Duccio), which represents the Renaissance Roman Catholic Marian art of Duccio. Also, the private Art Collection of the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia has two separate locations.

The Collegio del Cambio is an extremely well preserved representation of a Renaissance building and houses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco.[34]

Culture

 
  Umbria Jazz Festival 2008 		 
  International Journalism Festival 2009 		 
    Eurochocolate 2008

Transport

 
Minimetrò
 
Santa Anna train station.

Perugia has taken drastic measures against car traffic. At certain hours of the day, driving is forbidden in the city centre. Large parking lots are provided in the lower town, from where escalators lead up through the Rocca Paolina into the city. Since 2008, a MiniMetro has also been in operation, with seven stations.[36]

Perugia railway station, also known as Perugia Fontivegge, was opened in 1866. It forms part of the Foligno–Terontola railway, which also links Florence with the Roma Termini railway station in Rome. The station is at Piazza Vittorio Veneto, in the heavily populated district of Fontivegge, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southwest of the city centre.

San Egidio Airport is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) outside the city.

Twin towns—Sister cities

Perugia has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities:[37]

Related pages

Notes

  1. ↑ cf. Perugia, Raffaele Rossi, Pietro Scarpellini, 1993 (Vol. 1, pg. 337, 344)
  2. ↑ "...it appears most probable that he did not enter Perugino's studio till the end of 1499, as during the four or five years before that Perugino was mostly absent from his native city. The so-called Sketch Book of Raphael in the academy of Venice contains studies apparently from the cartoons of some of Perugino's Sistine frescoes, possibly done as practice in drawing." (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition).
    See also "Perugia". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003
  3. ↑ The precise role of Raphael in Perugino's works, executed during his apprenticeship, is disputed by scholars. The independent works depicted in Perugia are: the Ansidei Madonna (taken by the French under the terms of the Treaty of Tolentino in 1798), the Deposition by Raphael (Pala Baglioni, this masterpiece was expropriated by Scipione Borghese in 1608, cf. 'The Guardian, October 19, 2004), the Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints, by Raphael (formerly in the convent of St Anthony of Padua cf.The Colonna Altarpiece review at Art History Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine), the Connestabile Madonna (this picture left Perugia in 1871, when Count Connestabile sold it to the emperor of Russia for £13,200, cf. Encyclopædia Britannica), the Oddi altar by Raphael (requisitioned by the French in 1798)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "...some studies for the figure of St. John the Martyr which Raphael used in 1505 in his great fresco in the Church of San Severo at Perugia." (The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (X)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Perugia" (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  6. ↑ "How much of his glory is due to his kinsman, Fabius Pictor, the first historian of Rome, or to the family legends, which found in Etruria the most fitting scene for the exploits of the great Fabian house, we cannot tell" (Walter W. How and Henry Devenish Leigh, A History of Rome to the Death of Caesar London:Longmans, Green 1898:112).
  7. ↑ Livy ix.37.12
  8. ↑ Livy ix.30.1-2, 31.1-3; indutiae with Volsinii, Perusia and Arretium, ix.37.4-5.
  9. ↑ cf. Corpus Inscr. Lat. xi. 1212
  10. ↑ Etruscan town walls.
  11. ↑ Latin inscriptions at two of the preserved Etruscan gates.
  12. ↑ Patrick Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554 pp185-86, referring to Perugia in passing, notes the increasingly localized role assumed since the mid-fifth century by the bishops.
  13. ↑ Procopius, Bellum Gothicum, 3 (7).2.35.2, characteristically does not mention the incident, reported in Gregory the Great, Dialogues, 13 Archived 2009-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, who imagines a seven-year siege (i.e. since 540, before the accession of Baduila) and dramatically reports Herculanus' grotesque murder.
  14. ↑ Procopius of Caesarea, Gothic Wars I,16 and III,35.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 cf. Perugia, Raffaele Rossi, Attilio Bartoli Angeli, Roberta Sottani 1993 (Vol. 1, pp. 120-140)
  16. ↑ "Avvocato della Signoria cittadina e del Palazzo dei suoi Priori"
  17. ↑ Made a cardinal by his uncle, 20 December 1375 (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: XIV century)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 cf. Touring Club Italiano, Guida d'Italia: Umbria (1966)
  19. ↑ "in order to bring to heel the audacious Perugini".
  20. ↑ cf. Chicago Tribune, Jul 18, 1859 Archived November 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine and The outrage of the American witnesses in Perugia, Chicago Tribune, Jul 21, 1859 Archived November 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ Nestlè-Perugina produced in 2005 about 1.5 million Baci a day. Each October, Perugia has an annual chocolate festival called Eurochocolate. In Italy, right in the kisser, The Washington Post, May 29, 2005
  22. ↑ The company's plant in San Sisto (Perugia) is the largest of Nestlé's nine sites in Italy.European Industrial Relations Observatory, April 9, 2003 Archived October 10, 2013, at Archive.today. According to the Nestlé Usa official website Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine today Baci is the most famous chocolate brand in Italy.
  23. ↑ Thousands converge on historic city to celebrate everything chocolate Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, October 21, 2002
  24. ↑ "Perugia/Sant'Egidio(PG)" (PDF). Atlante climatico. Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  25. ↑ "STAZIONE 181 PERUGIA: medie mensili periodo 68 - 90" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved December 11, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  26. ↑ "Perugia Sant'Egidio: Record mensili dal 1967" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved December 11, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  27. ↑ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  28. ↑ BBC students diaries, March 13, 2007.
  29. ↑ See Perugia, University Town Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine and La Repubblica Università - Italian Journalism recognized schools(in Italian)
  30. ↑ "The Umbra Institute".
  31. ↑ See the institution educational purposes at the Università dei Sapori official site Archived 2007-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ A short break in Perugia Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine The Independent - London, June 6, 1999
  33. ↑ The Centro Direzionale is mentioned in the Aldo Rossi personal page at the Pritzker Prize official website Archived 2007-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ "NY Times". Travel.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  35. ↑ The Umbrian musical event is hosted in Perugia since the end of World War II NYT, October 18, 1953
  36. ↑ "Perugia MiniMetro on". Urbanrail.net. 2008-01-29. Archived from the original on 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  37. ↑ Perugia Official site - Relazioni Internazionali(in Italian)
  38. ↑ "Association of twinnings and international relations of Aix-en-Provence". Aix-jumelages.com. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  39. ↑ "Mairie of Aix-en-Provence - Twinnings and partnerships". Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
  40. ↑ "Bratislava City - Twin Towns". © 2003-2009 Bratislava-City.sk. Retrieved 2009-07-07.

References

  • Conestabile della Staffa, Giancarlo (1855). I Monumenti di Perugia etrusca e romana. Perugia.
  • Gallenga Stuart, Romeo Adriano (1905). Perugia. Bergamo: Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche Editore.
  • Heywood, William (1910). A history of Perugia. London: Methuen & Co.
  • Mancini, Francesco Federico; Giovanna Casagrande. Perugia - guida storico-artistica. Perugia: Italcards. ISBN 88-7193-746-5.
  • Rubin Blanshei, Sarah (1976). Perugia, 1260-1340: Conflict and Change in a Medieval Italian Urban Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0871696622.
  • Rossi, Raffaele; et al. (1993). Perugia. Milan: Elio Sellino Editore. ISBN 88-236-0051-0.
  • Symonds, Margaret; Lina Duff Gordon (1898). The Story of Perugia. London: J.M. Dent & Co. ISBN 081150865X.

Other websites

  Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: Perugia
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