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Roma people in Turkey

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Turkish musicians 3

The Xoraxane Roma in Turkey named official since the 1990's in Turkish as Romanlar (singularRoman, male Rom, female Romliye), but other Turkish designations like Çingene (Gypsy), Esmer Vatandaş, Kıpti and many other names also in use,[1] but some used Çingene, or selfname Manuş (Human) and Şopar (Gypsy kid) for themself in East Thrace.[2] In English they are named "Turkish Gypsy". The Word Gypsy is not pejorative for them.[3] There are a number of subgroups, all named after their old professional jobs or only Xoraxane. There Religion is Sunni Muslim of Hanafi school and some are Members of a Sufism Tarika.[4] Engagement's, marriage's, and circumcision of the boys (Sünnet party)'s,[5] are big festivals.

The Roma people in Turkey speak the Turkish language as first language. Most do not speak the Romani language anymore, and many hide there Romani Background designate themselves as Turks only, and didn't want to be call as Roma.[6] The majority live in East Thrace, this is why East Thrace is jokily called Gypsy County' (Şoparistan), and Citys like Istanbul, Edirne and Izmir. They have Turkish citizenship and adopted the Turkish culture, they havent Romanipen (a special Romani culture-code etc.), like christian roma in europe. The Romanlar from Turkey distance themselves from all other Roma groups from europe, it doesnt matter if they are Christian or Muslims.[7] The Romanlar are closer to Turks as to any Roma Groups of Europe. They have only a lesser similarity with the Turkish speaking Xoraxane Roma from Bulgaria, Romani (Dobruja) or Greece (West-Thrace). They also havent an Minority status, and they didnt want to be called as Minority. Some of the Turkish Romani came as Guest worker to Germany and Austria in the 1960-70's. None of them was looked as Roma by the Host Population, only as Turks in Germany,[8] where some of the Turkish-Romani Men married with German or Austrian Womans. The Offsprings of this Marriages called Melezi (Halfblood), a Turkish Loanword in the Romani language dialects of the Muslim Roma for people with mixed Romani blood.[9] In Turkey, the Romanlar do all kind of low Jobs, but also as flower sellers, basketmaker etc.[10]

History

There is recorded by Persian poets and historians in the Shahnameh. According to this records, the Persian king Bahram V of Sassanid Empire, brought several thousand musicians from India to Persia. From Persia, the descendants of the Indian musicians migrated to different countries.[11] According Ottoman and Turkish historians and linguists, the Romanlar in Turkey are the descendants of mixed Ancestry, the so called Chingan (Musicans-Dancers), who once came from Hindustan, trough trading relationships at the Silk Road with the Byzantine Empire, from the Indian subcontinent[12] into Egypt, who was at that time a part of the Byzantine Empire.[13] They settled in Koptos (Qift) at the Nile for a while.[14] Later, when the Muslim Arabian made fight with the Byzantine Empire, the Romanlar went with them as Camp followers to Asia Minor and settled first in Phrygia,[15] from there they went to Thrace in Europe at 800 AD. The Greeks called them Atsingani.[16][17] The oldest sedentary settlment of Romanlar was in Sulukule in Istanbul, dating back to 1054 AD.[18] The Byzantine Historian Nikephoros Gregoras, told of Acrobats who came from Egypt to Constantinople in 1322.[19] The Ottoman Historian Evliya Çelebi described in his Book Seyhatnâme, the language and Background of the Roma people, that after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II settled Roma from Gümülcine and Muslim Roma's from Bayat village Aydın Province and Sanjak of Menteşe to Istanbul as Dancers and Musicians.[20][21] At the time of Ottoman Empire they got their own Sanjak (district) in East Thrace in 1530 by the Order of Suleiman the Magnificent.[22] Turkish speaking Muslim Roma also settled from Anatolia in the Balkans under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Today in Bulgaria, Greece (West-Thrace) and Romania (Dobruja)[23] there live a Turkish speaking Muslim Roma minority.[24] Many Romanlar live in Istanbul , Edirne and İzmir.[25]

Genetic studies showed that Turkish Gypsys have similarity to Jats and Punjabis from Punjab (Pakistan)[26] also Gene flow from Turks and Southeast Europe's people like Slavs, Greeks and Albanians into the Turkish Gypsys population of the Ottoman Empire, happend trough the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans.[27] Also people from Caucasus Mountains like the Kubachi people[28]

About Paspati in his Book of the Turkish Gypsy's from 1860-1863, he mentioned that Ottoman Turkish Men often married Gypsy woman, and arround 200.000 Muslim Roma live in Turkey.[29] Under the reign of Abdulhamid II, there status was changend and they was named as Buçuk Millet.[30]

At the Greek War of Independence 1821–1829, Crimean War 1853–1856, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Balkan Wars 1912-1913, World War I 1914-1918, and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, many Turkish speaking Xoraxane-Roma together with other Non-Romani Muslims was expelled from Bulgaria and Greece and other parts of the Balkans, who once belonged to the former Ottoman Empire, to settle in Turkey.[31][32][33]

After the end of Serfdom-Slavery in Moldova in 1855 and Wallachia in 1856, Orthodox Christian Roma went to Istanbul and named Laxo Roma who speak Vlax Romani language.[34] In 1923 the Laxo went mostly to Greece.[35]

Music and Dance

The Romanlar in Turkey are wellknown of there Music and Dance, and play for Weddings, Sünnet partys and Kirkpinar-Festival (Oil wrestling), also for Non Romani People.[36] Belly dance is performed in there own special style.[37]

Kakava

Kakava is the name of the celebration of there own Male Saint Baba Fingo.[38], its hold every year on 5-6 May at Edirne. Its an old Folk Believe by the Romanlar[39],[40]

Sufism

Many Romanlar in Turkey belong to the Sufism Hindiler Tekkesi of the Qadiri-Tarika, who was founded in 1738 by Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız, a Romani quarter at Üsküdar in Istanbul.[41] He was original a Muslim from Hindustan. Anyway the Romanlar are Muslims, the old Folk believe of Baba Fingo is present.[42]

References

  1. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233471010_Turkey%27s_Roma_Political_participation_and_organization
  2. ↑ "ROMA". Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  3. ↑ "CINGENEYIZ ENGLISH: I am a Gypsy".
  4. ↑ "Sepečides / Sevlengere Roma".
  5. ↑ "From Boy to Man – the Turkish Circumcision Ritual".
  6. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ↑ Özateşler, Gül (2014). "Gypsies in the economy of Turkey: A focus on Gypsy flower sellers in two central districts of İstanbul". New Perspectives on Turkey. 51: 123. doi:10.1017/S0896634600006749. S2CID 148240895.
  8. ↑ https://www.pfz.at/documents/pdfs/2010/Halwachs.pdf
  9. ↑ https://unipub.uni-graz.at/download/pdf/3805508?name=Kyuchukov%20Hristo%20Turkish%20and%20Armenian%20Loanwords%20in%20Bulgarian%20Romani
  10. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288586931_Gypsies_in_the_economy_of_Turkey_A_focus_on_Gypsy_flower_sellers_in_two_central_districts_of_Istanbul
  11. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ↑ Dokras, Dr Uday (January 2020). "South Indian Traders of the ancient world". Inac.
  13. ↑ Salomon, Richard (1991). "Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 731–736. doi:10.2307/603404. JSTOR 603404.
  14. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1974). "The "Banyan" or Indian Presence at Massawa, the Dahlak Islands and the Horn of Africa". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 12 (1): 185–212. JSTOR 44324706.
  15. ↑ "Bıçak sırtında yaşayan bir halk". 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  16. ↑ "Atsinganos (Die Unberührbaren)".
  17. ↑ https://humstatic.uchicago.edu/slavic/archived/papers/Friedman-OldestBalkRmiw-BDankoff.pdf
  18. ↑ Istanbul's Roma face upheaval. 10 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7036045.stm. 
  19. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319873040_Distribution_Characteristics_of_the_Romanies_making_a_Living_from_Traditional_County_Fairs_in_Turkey
  20. ↑ Kuş, Ayşegül (February 2020). "Under the Light of the Population Register Dated 1857 an Evaluation upon the Socio-Economic Lives of the Gypsy Living in İstanbul". Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (43): 49–61.
  21. ↑ https://humstatic.uchicago.edu/slavic/archived/papers/Friedman-OldestBalkRmiw-BDankoff.pdf
  22. ↑ Altinoz, Ismail. "Gypsies in the Ottoman Society".
  23. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355874027_CONSIDERATIONS_ABOUT_THE_%27TURKISH_GYPSIES%27_AS_CRYPTO-MUSLIMS_IN_WALLACHIA
  24. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355873685_Turcoman_Gypsies_in_the_Balkans_Just_a_Preferred_Identity_or_More
  25. ↑ "The Perception of Gypsies in Turkish Society".
  26. ↑ https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/genes/genes-13-00532/article_deploy/genes-13-00532-v2.pdf?version=1647586726
  27. ↑ Bánfai, Zsolt; Melegh, Béla I.; Sümegi, Katalin; Hadzsiev, Kinga; Miseta, Attila; Kásler, Miklós; Melegh, Béla (13 June 2019). "Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area". Frontiers in Genetics. 10: 558. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00558. PMC 6585392. PMID 31263480.
  28. ↑ Bánfai, Z.; Ádám, V.; Pöstyéni, E.; Büki, G.; Czakó, M.; Miseta, A.; Melegh, B. (2018). "Revealing the impact of the Caucasus region on the genetic legacy of Romani people from genome-wide data". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0202890. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1302890B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202890. PMC 6130880. PMID 30199533.
  29. ↑ Paspati, A. G.; Hamlin, C. (1860). "Memoir on the Language of the Gypsies, as Now Used in the Turkish Empire". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 7: 143–270. doi:10.2307/592158. JSTOR 592158.
  30. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-11. Retrieved 2022-04-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286766087_Ethnicity_class_and_politicisation_Immigrant_Roma_tobacco_workers_in_Turkey
  32. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ↑ "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans".
  34. ↑ http://www.katki.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/1_2.pdf
  35. ↑ http://www.katki.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/1_2.pdf
  36. ↑ https://eurasianet.org/the-other-hundred-roma-musician-in-turkey-turns-notes-into-cash
  37. ↑ "Romani dance and music in Turkey | Romani Cultural & Arts Company".
  38. ↑ "Roma culture comes alive with celebration of Baba Fingo". Daily Sabah. 4 May 2018.
  39. ↑ "Thousands flock to Turkey's Edirne for Roma festival Kakava". Daily Sabah. 6 May 2022.
  40. ↑ "Hıdırellez and Kakava: A time of setting intentions". Daily Sabah. 4 May 2022.
  41. ↑ https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1725195
  42. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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