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Template:List of oxidation states of the elements

     Noble gas   +1   Bold values are main oxidation states

Oxidation states of the elements
Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9
Z
1 H: Hydrogen Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [1] Error: bad value in os-list: -1b, 0, +1b
2 He: Helium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [2] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b
3 Li: Lithium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3][4] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1b
4 Be: Beryllium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [5][6] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2b
5 B: Boron Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [7][8][9] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
6 C: Carbon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −4b, −3b, −2b, −1b, 0b, +1b, +2b, +3b, +4b
7 N: Nitrogen Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
8 O: Oxygen Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2
9 F: Fluorine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [11][12] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b,0
10 Ne: Neon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [13] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b
11 Na: Sodium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3][14] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, 0, +1b
12 Mg: Magnesium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [15][16] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2b
13 Al: Aluminium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [17][18][19][20] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
14 Si: Silicon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [21] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b
15 P: Phosphorus Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [22] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
16 S: Sulfur Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
17 Cl: Chlorine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [23][24] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4, +5b, +6, +7b
18 Ar: Argon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [25] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b
19 K: Potassium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, +1b
20 Ca: Calcium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [26][27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1, +2b
21 Sc: Scandium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [28][29][30] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
22 Ti: Titanium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [31][32][33][34] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b
23 V: Vanadium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5b
24 Cr: Chromium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4, +5, +6b
25 Mn: Manganese Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [35][36] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5, +6b, +7b
26 Fe: Iron Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [37][38][39] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4, +5, +6, +7
27 Co: Cobalt Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4, +5
28 Ni: Nickel Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [40] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4
29 Cu: Copper Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][41] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1b, +2b, +3, +4
30 Zn: Zinc Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][42][43][44] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1, +2b
31 Ga: Gallium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][45][46][47] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
32 Ge: Germanium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [48][21] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b
33 As: Arsenic Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][49][50][51] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
34 Se: Selenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [52][53][54][55][56] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
35 Br: Bromine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [57][58] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4, +5b, +7
36 Kr: Krypton Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +1, +2
37 Rb: Rubidium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, +1b
38 Sr: Strontium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [59][27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1, +2b
39 Y: Yttrium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][61][62] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
40 Zr: Zirconium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][63][64] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b
41 Nb: Niobium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][65][66] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5b
42 Mo: Molybdenum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
43 Tc: Technetium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [67] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6, +7b
44 Ru: Ruthenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][39] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8
45 Rh: Rhodium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][68][69] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5, +6, +7
46 Pd: Palladium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [70][71][72][73] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5
47 Ag: Silver Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][74][75] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1b, +2, +3
48 Cd: Cadmium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][76] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, +1, +2b
49 In: Indium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][77][78][79] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
50 Sn: Tin Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][80][81][21] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b
51 Sb: Antimony Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][82][83][84][85] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
52 Te: Tellurium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][86][87][88][89] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
53 I: Iodine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [90][91][92][93] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4, +5b, +6, +7b
54 Xe: Xenon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [94][95][96] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +2, +4, +6, +8
55 Cs: Caesium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, +1b
56 Ba: Barium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [97][27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1, +2b
57 La: Lanthanum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
58 Ce: Cerium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4b
59 Pr: Praseodymium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][99][100][101] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5
60 Nd: Neodymium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][102] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b, +4
61 Pm: Promethium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [103] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b
62 Sm: Samarium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [104] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
63 Eu: Europium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2b, +3b
64 Gd: Gadolinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
65 Tb: Terbium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4
66 Dy: Dysprosium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][105] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b, +4
67 Ho: Holmium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b
68 Er: Erbium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b
69 Tm: Thulium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
70 Yb: Ytterbium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
71 Lu: Lutetium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b
72 Hf: Hafnium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][64][106] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b
73 Ta: Tantalum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][66] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5b
74 W: Tungsten Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
75 Re: Rhenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [107] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7b
76 Os: Osmium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][108] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8b
77 Ir: Iridium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [109][110][111][112][113] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, -2, −1, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9
78 Pt: Platinum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][114][115] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6
79 Au: Gold Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][116] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +5
80 Hg: Mercury Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][117] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, +1b, +2b
81 Tl: Thallium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][118][119][120] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −2, −1, +1b, +2, +3b
82 Pb: Lead Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][121][122][123] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b
83 Bi: Bismuth Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [124][125][126][127][128] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5
84 Po: Polonium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [129] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, +2b, +4b, +5, +6
85 At: Astatine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b, +3, +5, +7
86 Rn: Radon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [130][131][132] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +6
87 Fr: Francium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +1b
88 Ra: Radium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2b
89 Ac: Actinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +3b
90 Th: Thorium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [133][134][135] Error: bad value in os-list: -1, +1, +2, +3, +4b
91 Pa: Protactinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [136] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3, +4, +5b
92 U: Uranium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [137][138][139] Error: bad value in os-list: -1, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
93 Np: Neptunium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [140] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3, +4, +5b, +6, +7
94 Pu: Plutonium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [141][142] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8
95 Am: Americium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [143] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4, +5, +6, +7
96 Cm: Curium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [144][145][146][147] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b, +4, +5, +6
97 Bk: Berkelium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [144][145][148][149][150] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4, +5
98 Cf: Californium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [144][145] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4, +5
99 Es: Einsteinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [151] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4
100 Fm: Fermium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b
101 Md: Mendelevium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b
102 No: Nobelium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +3
103 Lr: Lawrencium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +3b
104 Rf: Rutherfordium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +4b
105 Db: Dubnium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [152] Error: bad value in os-list: +5b
106 Sg: Seaborgium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [153][154] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +6b
107 Bh: Bohrium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [155] Error: bad value in os-list: +7b
108 Hs: Hassium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [156] Error: bad value in os-list: +8b
109 Mt: Meitnerium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
110 Ds: Darmstadtium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
111 Rg: Roentgenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
112 Cn: Copernicium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [157] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b
113 Nh: Nihonium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
114 Fl: Flerovium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
115 Mc: Moscovium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
116 Lv: Livermorium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
117 Ts: Tennessine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
118 Og: Oganesson Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
Documentation icon Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

Documentation

Usage

In List of oxidation states of the elements
Per element:
{{List of oxidation states of the elements/row}}

<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> |-

| style="text-align:right;" | Symbol not in list

| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Symbol not in list" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol

| style="background:#d5e6f7"|−5

| style="background:#dfdfdf"|−4

| style="background:#ffc0cb"|−3

| style="background:#ffecd3"|−2

| style="background:#f5deb3"|−1

| style="background:#e0ffff;"|0

| style="background:#ffa07a"|+1

| style="background:#ffdead"|+2

| style="background:#ffbffe"|+3

| style="background:#cbcbcb"|+4

| style="background:#cccc98"|+5

| style="background:#a0fec2"|+6

| style="background:#e6fe8e"|+7

| style="background:#d1ddff"|+8

| style="background:#c6dd9d"|+9

| style="text-align:right;" | Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group

| style="text-align:left;"| Error: bad value in os-list:

|-

</syntaxhighlight>

  • |os= to list options in this form (b-values = bold: main oxidation states), in any order:

<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> |os = -5, -4, -3, -2,-1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9 -5b, -4b, -3b, -2b, -1b, 0b, +1b, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5b, +6b, +7b, +8b, +9b </syntaxhighlight>

  • |ref= should have <ref>...</ref> tags; one or more refs can be entered.

See also: oxidation states in {{infobox element}}

The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} (An overview is here).

See also

Technical subtemplates
  1. ↑ H(0) is found in dihydrogen complexes.
  2. ↑ Disodium helide, (Na+)2He(e-)2, has been synthesized at high pressure, see Dong, Xiao. A stable compound of helium and sodium at high pressure. Nature Chemistry 9 (5) (6 February 2017). p. 440–445. doi:10.1038/nchem.2716.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.
  4. ↑ Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride clusters; see Milovanović, Milan. Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride LinClm(0,1+) (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19 (45) (October 30, 2017). p. 30481–30497. doi:10.1039/C7CP04181K.
  5. ↑ Be(0) has been observed; see Beryllium(0) Complex Found (13 June 2016)Chemistry Europe.
  6. ↑ Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.. Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD. J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3) (2003). p. 1158. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Retrieved 2007-12-10. and in [(CAAC)2Be]+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Wang, Guocang. A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10) (2020). p. 4560–4. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b13777. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  7. ↑ B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Schroeder, Melanie (in de). Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden. p. 139. https://d-nb.info/995006210/34. 
  8. ↑ B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see Keeler, James. Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach (2014)Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135.
  9. ↑ B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.. Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond. Science 336 (6087) (2012). p. 1420–1422. doi:10.1126/science.1221138.
  10. ↑ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.. An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (1) (1954). p. 290–291. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086.
  11. ↑ Gold heptafluoride is calculated to be the pentafluoride with a molecular F2 ligand. Himmel, Daniel. After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That 'AuF7' Is Actually AuF5•F2. Inorganic Chemistry 46 (13) (2007). p. 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s.
  12. ↑ A cluster of elusive SF6+ with helium atoms is known to have fluorine(0) atom as a ligand; see Albertini, Simon. SF 6 + : Stabilizing Transient Ions in Helium Nanodroplets. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 12 (17) (2021-04-22). p. 4112–4117. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01024.
  13. ↑ Ne(0) has been observed in Cr(CO)5Ne. Perutz, Robin N.. Photochemistry of the Group 6 hexacarbonyls in low-temperature matrices. III. Interaction of the pentacarbonyls with noble gases and other matrices. Journal of the American Chemical Society 97 (17) (August 1975). p. 4791–4800. doi:10.1021/ja00850a001.
  14. ↑ The compound NaCl has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual stoichiometries under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see Zhang, W.. Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides. Science 342 (6165) (2013). p. 1502–1505. doi:10.1126/science.1244989.
  15. ↑ Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.. Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds. Science 318 (5857) (December 2007). p. 1754–1757. doi:10.1126/science.1150856.
  16. ↑ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.. Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes. Nature 592 (7856) (2021). p. 717–721. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w.
  17. ↑ Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see Tyte, D.C.. Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide. Nature 202 (4930) (1964). p. 383–384. doi:10.1038/202383a0., and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner. Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry 51 (2004). p. 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: Moderne Anorganische Chemie (in de) (2007). p. 259., and Vorlesung Intermetallische Phasen § 6.2 Binäre Zintl-Phasen (in de).
  19. ↑ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro. Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes. American Chemical Society 111 (25) (December 1, 1989). p. 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023.
  20. ↑ Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco. Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions (in de). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62 (10) (2007). p. 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound (27 August 2016)Chemistry Europe.
  22. ↑ P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong. Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus. Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (45) (2008). p. 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t.
  23. ↑ Chlorine(0) is present as dichlorine in {SnCl62--Cl2}x and {PbCl62--Cl2}x polymeric anion complexes see Usoltsev, Andrey N.. Rule, Not Exclusion: Formation of Dichlorine-Containing Supramolecular Complexes with Chlorometalates(IV). Inorg. Chem. 60 (6) (February 24, 2021). p. 4171–4177. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00436.
  24. ↑ The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria. Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide. J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9) (1990). p. 3860–3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094., and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich. Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14) (1994). p. 1482–1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821.
  25. ↑ Ar(0) has been observed in argon fluorohydride (HArF) and ArCF22+, see Lockyear, J.F.. Generation of the ArCF22+ Dication. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1 (2010). p. 358. doi:10.1021/jz900274p.
  26. ↑ Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven. Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (35) (2010). p. 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Octacarbonyl complexes isolated of Ca, Sr, Ba have been observed in a neon matrix, but it remains unclear whether these are metal(0) complexes because calculations disagree whether the metal is covalently or ionically bonded to the ligands; see Wu, X.. Observation of alkaline earth complexes M(CO)8 (M = Ca, Sr, or Ba) that mimic transition metals. Science 361 (6405) (2018). p. 912–916. doi:10.1126/science.aau0839.
  28. ↑ Sc(0) has been observed; see F. Geoffrey N. Cloke. η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II). J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19) (1991). p. 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
  29. ↑ Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold. The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32) (1996). p. 7630–7631. doi:10.1021/ja961253o.
  30. ↑ Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.. Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56 (8) (January 2017). p. 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758.
  31. ↑ Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see Calderazzo, Fausto. Synthesis of [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives. Organometallics 16 (14) (1997). p. 3100–3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o.
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see Christian Bach (January 1999) (in de). Carbonylkomplexe der Platinmetalle. p. 4. http://d-nb.info/956310893/34. ; Werner, Helmut. Landmarks in Organo-Transition Metal Chemistry: A Personal View (2008)Springer Science & Business Media. p. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-387-09848-7.; Haiduc, Ionel. Basic Organometallic Chemistry: Containing Comprehensive Bibliography (2011)Walter de Gruyter. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-89925-006-9.
  33. ↑ Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.. Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4) (2013). p. 2242–2256. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Bandy, J. A.. Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4) (1984). p. 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
  34. ↑ Jilek, Robert E.. Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6: [Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−. Chem. Commun. (25) (2007). p. 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B.
  35. ↑ Mn(–3) and Mn(–1) occurs in Mn(NO)3(CO) and HMn(CO)5 respectively; see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  36. ↑ Mn(–2) has been described erroneously by Greenwood as [MnPc]2–; for a correct explanation, see Gcineka Mbambisa. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of purple manganese(III) and red titanium(IV) phthalocyanine complexes octa-substituted at non-peripheral positions with pentylthio groups (in en). Polyhedron 26 (18) (2007). p. 5355-5364. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2007.08.007.
  37. ↑ Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO4]−; see Lu, Jun-Bo. Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18 (45) (2016). p. 31125–31131. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
  38. ↑ Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev. Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications). Platinum Metals Review 48 (4) (2008). p. 157–158. doi:10.1021/bk-2008-0985.ch007. However, its existence has been disputed.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee. Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements. Solid State Sciences 10 (4) (2008). p. 444–449. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee. Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn). Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 636 (1) (2010). p. 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
  40. ↑ Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Jonas, Klaus. Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11) (1975). p. 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E.. Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States. Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8) (2006). p. 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  41. ↑ Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne. A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond. J. Am. Chem. Soc 135 (10) (2013). p. 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578.
  42. ↑ Zn(0) has been observed; see Singh, Amit Pratap. A Singlet Biradicaloid Zinc Compound and Its Nonradical Counterpart. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (19) (2013). p. 7324–9. doi:10.1021/ja402351x. and Soleilhavoup, Michèle. Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (CAACs): Stable Carbenes on the Rise. Acc. Chem. Res. 48 (2) (2015). p. 256–266. doi:10.1021/ar5003494.
  43. ↑ Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see Resa, I.. Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond. Science 305 (5687) (2004). p. 1136–8. doi:10.1126/science.1101356.
  44. ↑ Zn(III) has been predicted to be stable in compounds with highly stabilized borane-based trianions, but no Zn(III) candidates are known experimentally; see Hong Fang. Realization of the Zn3+ oxidation state. Nanoscale 13 (33) (2021). p. 14041–14048. doi:10.1039/D1NR02816B.
  45. ↑ Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann (in de). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden. p. 72. http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf. 
  46. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines. Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen (in de). Z. Naturforsch. 66b (2011). p. 1107–1121.
  47. ↑ Ga(0) has been observed in Gallium monoiodide among other gallium's oxidation states
  48. ↑ Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in de) (1995)Walter de Gruyter. p. 953–959. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.
  49. ↑ As(0) has been observed; see Abraham, Mariham Y.. Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy. Chemistry: A European Journal 16 (2) (2010). p. 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840.
  50. ↑ As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.. Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters. Inorganic Chemistry 43 (19) (2004). p. 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s.
  51. ↑ As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO−
    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.. Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study. Inorganic Chemistry 28 (14) (1989). p. 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
  52. ↑ Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se22−).
  53. ↑ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta. Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 45 (2014). p. 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003.
  54. ↑ Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see Selenium: Selenium(I) chloride compound dataWebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  55. ↑ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten. Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV). Chemistry: A European Journal 2 (11) (1996). p. 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
  56. ↑ Se(V) has been observed in SeO−
    3     and HSeO2−
    4    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.. Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study. Inorganic Chemistry 90 (21) (1986). p. 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
  57. ↑ Bromine(0) is present as an adduct in a copper-bromine complex, see Okrut, Alexander. {[P(o-tolyl)3]Br}2[Cu2Br6](Br2)—An Ionic Compound Containing Molecular Bromine. Inorganic Chemistry 47 (8) (5 March 2008). p. 3084–3087. doi:10.1021/ic7021038.
  58. ↑ Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see [1]
  59. ↑ Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see Colarusso, P.. High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 175 (1) (1996). p. 158–171. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
  60. ↑ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 60.10 60.11 60.12 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.. Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides. Chem. Soc. Rev. 22 (1993). p. 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.. Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 688 (1–2) (2003-12-15). p. 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  61. ↑ Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see Kaley A. Walker. The pure rotational spectrum of yttrium monobromide (in en). The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (13) (1998). p. 5439–5445. doi:10.1063/1.477162.
  62. ↑ Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.. Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40) (2011). p. 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
  63. ↑ Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw and Holleman, Arnold F.. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in de) (1995)Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.. Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4) (2013). p. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Zr(0) and Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2M (M=Zr, Hf) and [(η5-C5R5M(CO)4]−, see Chirik, P. J.. Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications 4 (2007)Elsevier Ltd.. p. 697–739. ISBN 9780080450476. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5.
  65. ↑ Complexes of Nb(0) and Ta(0) have been observed, see Holleman, Arnold F.. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II: From Biology to Nanotechnology 4 (2003)Newnes. p. 297–299. ISBN 978-0-08-091316-2.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Nb(I) and Ta(I) occur in CpNb(CO)4 and CpTa(CO)4, see Holleman, Arnold F.. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in de) (1995)Walter de Gruyter. p. 1430. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9. and King, R. Bruce. Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction (1969)Academic Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-32-315996-8.
  67. ↑ Tc(–1) occurs in HTc(CO)5; see John E. Ellis. Metal Carbonyl Anions:  from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond† (in en). Organometallics 22 (17) (2003). p. 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l. Tc(–3) is erroneously reported by Greenwood.
  68. ↑ George, G.N.. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPri)3)4] at X-and Q-band frequencies. Chemical Physics Letters 108 (6) (1984). p. 627–630. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1.
  69. ↑ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara. The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38) (2022). doi:10.1002/anie.202207688.
  70. ↑ Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H.. CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?. Science 295 (5553) (2002). p. 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
  71. ↑ Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.. Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry 35 (2011). p. 129–156. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6.
  72. ↑ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru. Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (19) (2007). p. 7758–7763. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104.
  73. ↑ Palladium(VI) has been claimed to exist in Dagani, RON. New Palladium Oxidation State?. Chem. Eng. News 80 (2) (2002). p. 8. doi:10.1021/cen-v080n002.p008., but this has been refuted showing it is a Palladium(II).
  74. ↑ The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.. Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions. Inorganic Chemistry 40 (5) (2001). p. 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
  75. ↑ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.. Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11) (1976). p. 3167–75. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018. Also, Ag(0) has been observed in [Ag4py2]n, see Hoi Ri Moon. A Stair-Shaped Molecular Silver(0) Chain. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47 (44) (2008). p. 8390–93. doi:10.1002/anie.200803465.
  76. ↑ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in de) (1985)Walter de Gruyter. p. 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
  77. ↑ In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Guloy, A. M.. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties. Inorganic Chemistry 35 (9) (1996). p. 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
  78. ↑ In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [2], p. 69.
  79. ↑ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [3], p. 6.
  80. ↑ Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.. Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39) (2000). p. 2408–2448. doi:<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u 10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  81. ↑ Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds
  82. ↑ Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael. Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n− (in de). Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 631 (6–7) (2005). p. 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546.
  83. ↑ Sb(0) has been observed, see Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements. p. 39. doi:10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60 . https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf. 
  84. ↑ Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr. Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 (32) (2010). p. 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209.
  85. ↑ Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl
    6    ]2−, see Nobuyoshi Shinohara. Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 73 (7) (2000). p. 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
  86. ↑ Te(0) has been observed in tellurolates.
  87. ↑ Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see Tellurium: tellurium iodideWebElements.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  88. ↑ Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Heinze, Thorsten. Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 30 (12) (1991). p. 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  89. ↑ Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Watkins, P. M.. Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth. Journal of Chemical Education 51 (9) (1974). p. 520–521. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO−
    , TeO−
    , HTeO−
    2    , and TeO−
    3    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.. Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105 (27) (2001). p. 6637–45. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
  90. ↑ Iodine(0) appears as I2 in polymeric {Sb2I93--I2}x and {Bi2I93--I2}x polymeric complex anions: see Korobeynikov, Nikita A. One-Dimensional Iodoantimonate(III) and Iodobismuthate(III) Supramolecular Hybrids with Diiodine: Structural Features, Stability and Optical Properties. Molecules 27 (23) (2 Dec 2022). p. 8487. doi:10.3390/molecules27238487.
  91. ↑ I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see Nikitin, I V. Halogen monoxides. Russian Chemical Reviews 77 (8) (31 August 2008). p. 739–749. doi:10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788.
  92. ↑ I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Pauling, Linus. General Chemistry (1988)Dover Publications, Inc.. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
  93. ↑ I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Kläning, Ulrik K.. Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI). J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 77 (7) (1981). p. 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
  94. ↑ Xe compounds: see Xenon
  95. ↑ Xe(0) has been observed in tetraxenonogold(II) (AuXe42+).
  96. ↑ Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Pauling, Linus. General Chemistry (1988)Dover Publications, Inc.. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
  97. ↑ Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see Colarusso, P.. High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 170 (1) (1995). p. 59. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu. Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes. Nature Communications 12 (1) (2021). p. 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9.
  99. ↑ Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB4]−; see Chen, Xin. Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters. Inorganic Chemistry 58 (1) (2018-12-13). p. 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572.
  100. ↑ Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see Zhang, Qingnan. Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55 (24) (2016-06-06). p. 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196.
  101. ↑ Hu, Shu-Xian. Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds. Chemical Science 8 (5) (2017). p. 4035–4043. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H.
  102. ↑ Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Template:Holleman&Wiberg
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Template:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G.. All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53 (14) (2014). p. 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
  104. ↑ SmB6- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson. SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals. J. Phys. Chem. A 2017, 121, 8, 1849–1854 121 (8) (2017). p. 1849–1854. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247..
  105. ↑ Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Template:Holleman&Wiberg
  106. ↑ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.. Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium (in ru). Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 24 (4) (1979). p. 890–893.
  107. ↑ Re(–3) and Re(–1) occurs in Na3[Re(CO)4] and HRe(CO)5 respectively; see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  108. ↑ Os(−1) has been observed in Na[Os(CO)
    13    ]; see Krause, J.. Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO). Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 454 (1–2) (1993). p. 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.. Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives. Inorganic Chemistry 21 (11) (1982). p. 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
  109. ↑ Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  110. ↑ Ir(–2) has been observed in IrVO2–; see Le-Shi Chen. Water–Gas Shift Catalyzed by Iridium–Vanadium Oxide Clusters IrVO2– with Iridium in a Rare Oxidation State of −II (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 126 (32) (2022). p. 5294–5301. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03974.
  111. ↑ Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines.
  112. ↑ Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Gong, Yu. Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (42) (2009). p. 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
  113. ↑ Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+
    4    ; see Wang, Guanjun. Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX. Nature 514 (7523) (21 August 2014). p. 475–477. doi:10.1038/nature13795.
  114. ↑ Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides BaPt and Ba2Pt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey. An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides. Chemical Communications (8) (2006). p. 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c.
  115. ↑ Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.. Inorganic Syntheses 9 (1967). p. 182–185. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51.
  116. ↑ Au(0) has been observed, see Mézaille, Nicolas. Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 38 (21) (1999). p. 3194–3197. doi:<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O.
  117. ↑ Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang. Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44) (2007). p. 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Young, Nigel. Is mercury a transition metal? (2016-07-12)University of Hull.
  118. ↑ Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.. Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions. Inorganic Chemistry 35 (11) (1996). p. 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
  119. ↑ Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see King, R. B.. Molecular clusters of the main group elements (2004)Wiley-VCH, Chichester. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-527-61437-0.
  120. ↑ Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Sonja Henkel. Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6) (1994). p. 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811.
  121. ↑ Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo. Intermetallic Chemistry (2008)Elsevier. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya. Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6. Inorganic Chemistry 43 (20) (2004). p. 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
  122. ↑ Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide; see Ling, Jiang. Observation of the lead carbonyls PbnCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505 122 (3) (2005). p. 34505. doi:10.1063/1.1834915. Also, Pb(0) has been observed in [SiII(Xant)SiII]PbFe(CO)4; see Jian Xu. The Heaviest Bottleable Metallylone: Synthesis of a Monatomic, Zero-Valent Lead Complex ("Plumbylone"). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 61 (38) (2022). p. e202209442. doi:10.1002/anie.202209442.
  123. ↑ Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia. A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24) (2013). p. 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954.
  124. ↑ Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases. Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68. http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim. 
  125. ↑ Bi(0) state is known to exist in a N-heterocyclic carbene complex of dibismuthene; see Deka, Rajesh. Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects. Royal Society of Chemistry 51 (22) (May 6, 2022). p. 8540–8556. doi:10.1039/d2dt00755j.
  126. ↑ Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Godfrey, S. M.. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth (1998)Springer. p. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3.
  127. ↑ Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Ashe, Arthur J. III. Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry 30 (1990). p. 77–97. ISBN 9780120311309. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2.
  128. ↑ Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov. Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III). Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science 36 (2) (1987). p. 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
  129. ↑ Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+
    ); see Thayer, John S.. Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics 10 (2010). p. 78. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
  130. ↑ Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Stein, L.. Ionic Radon Solution. Science 168 (3929) (1970). p. 362–4. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. and Kenneth S. Pitzer. Fluorides of radon and element 118. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18) (1975). p. 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
  131. ↑ Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G.. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry 46 (1998)Academic Press. p. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  132. ↑ Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Sykes, A. G.. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry 46 (1998)Academic Press. p. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  133. ↑ Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi. Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784 25 (50) (2019). p. 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625.
  134. ↑ Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements 3 (2006). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. p. 52–160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3.
  135. ↑ Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− and [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], see Langeslay, Ryan R.. Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th}1− anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state. Chem. Sci. 6 (1) (2015). p. 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H.
  136. ↑ Pa(II) occurs in proctactinium(II) oxide
  137. ↑ Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi. Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784 25 (50) (2019). p. 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625.
  138. ↑ U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G.. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry 34 (1990)Academic Press. p. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-12-023634-3. Retrieved 22 March 2015. Also, U(I) has been observed in [U(η5-C5iPr5)2]−, see Barluzzi, Luciano. Identification of Oxidation State +1 in a Molecular Uranium Complex. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 (40) (2022). p. 18229–18233. doi:10.1021/jacs.2c06519. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  139. ↑ U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.. Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36) (2013). p. 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t.
  140. ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.. Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding. Chem. Sci. 8 (4) (2017). p. 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K.
  141. ↑ Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; see Windorff, Cory J.. Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {PuII[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11) (2017). p. 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706.
  142. ↑ Pu(VIII) has been observed in PuO
    4    ; see Nikonov, M. V.. Plutonium volatility in ozonization of alkaline solutions of Pu(VI) hydroxo complexes. Doklady Chemistry 437 (1) (March 2011). p. 69–71. doi:10.1134/S0012500811030104. Also see Kiselev, Yu. M.. On existence and properties of plutonium(VIII) derivatives. Radiochimica Acta 102 (3) (17 January 2014). p. 227–237. doi:10.1515/ract-2014-2146.
  143. ↑ Am(VII) has been observed in AmO−
    5    ; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO2+, CfO2+, CmO2(NO3)2−, BkO2(NO3)2−, and CfO2(NO3)2−; see Dau, Phuong Diem. Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium. Chemistry - A European Journal 23 (68) (October 2017). p. 17369–17378. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193.
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 Kovács, Attila. Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States. Inorg. Chem. 57 (15) (2018)American Chemical Society. p. 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450.
  146. ↑ Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO+
    2    ); see Domanov, V. P.. Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3. Radiochemistry 53 (5) (October 2011). p. 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
  147. ↑ Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see Domanov, V. P.. Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4. Radiochemistry 55 (1) (January 2013). p. 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi. Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2014 (16) (April 2014). p. 8997–9001. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
  148. ↑ Peterson, J. R.. Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry 28 (1984)Academic Press. p. 29–64. ISBN 978-0-12-023628-2. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4.
  149. ↑ Peterson & Hobart 1984, p. 55.
  150. ↑ Sullivan, Jim C.. Pulse radiolysis studies of berkelium(III): preparation and identification of berkelium(II) in aqueous perchlorate media. Inorganic Chemistry 27 (4) (1988). p. 597. doi:10.1021/ic00277a005.
  151. ↑ Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Kleinschmidt, P.. Thermochemistry of the actinides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213–214 (1994). p. 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
  152. ↑ Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see H. W. Gäggeler. Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements (2007)Paul Scherrer Institute. p. 26–28.
  153. ↑ Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Huebener, S.. Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide. Radiochim. Acta 89 (11–12) (2001). p. 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737.
  154. ↑ Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)6); see Even, J.. Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex. Science 345 (6203) (2014). p. 1491–3. doi:10.1126/science.1255720.
  155. ↑ Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107). GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  156. ↑ Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see Chemistry of Hassium. Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (2002). Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  157. ↑ Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry (2015)Paul Scherrer Institute. p. 3.
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