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Template:List of oxidation states of the elements

     Noble gas   +1   Bold values are main oxidation states

Oxidation states of the elements
Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9
Z
1 H: Hydrogen Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [1] Error: bad value in os-list: -1b, 0, +1b
2 He: Helium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [2] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b
3 Li: Lithium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3][4] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1b
4 Be: Beryllium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [5][6] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2b
5 B: Boron Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [7][8][9] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
6 C: Carbon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −4b, −3b, −2b, −1b, 0b, +1b, +2b, +3b, +4b
7 N: Nitrogen Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
8 O: Oxygen Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2
9 F: Fluorine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [11][12] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b,0
10 Ne: Neon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [13] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b
11 Na: Sodium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3][14] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, 0, +1b
12 Mg: Magnesium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [15][16] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2b
13 Al: Aluminium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [17][18][19][20] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
14 Si: Silicon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [21] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b
15 P: Phosphorus Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [22] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
16 S: Sulfur Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
17 Cl: Chlorine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [23][24] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4, +5b, +6, +7b
18 Ar: Argon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [25] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b
19 K: Potassium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, +1b
20 Ca: Calcium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [26][27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1, +2b
21 Sc: Scandium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [28][29][30] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
22 Ti: Titanium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [31][32][33][34] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b
23 V: Vanadium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5b
24 Cr: Chromium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4, +5, +6b
25 Mn: Manganese Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [35][36] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5, +6b, +7b
26 Fe: Iron Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [37][38][39] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4, +5, +6, +7
27 Co: Cobalt Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4, +5
28 Ni: Nickel Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [40] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4
29 Cu: Copper Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][41] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1b, +2b, +3, +4
30 Zn: Zinc Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][42][43][44] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1, +2b
31 Ga: Gallium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][45][46][47] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
32 Ge: Germanium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [48][21] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b
33 As: Arsenic Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][49][50][51] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
34 Se: Selenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [52][53][54][55][56] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
35 Br: Bromine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [57][58] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4, +5b, +7
36 Kr: Krypton Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +1, +2
37 Rb: Rubidium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, +1b
38 Sr: Strontium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [59][27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1, +2b
39 Y: Yttrium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][61][62] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
40 Zr: Zirconium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][63][64] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b
41 Nb: Niobium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][65][66] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5b
42 Mo: Molybdenum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
43 Tc: Technetium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [67] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6, +7b
44 Ru: Ruthenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][39] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8
45 Rh: Rhodium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][68][69] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5, +6, +7
46 Pd: Palladium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [70][71][72][73] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5
47 Ag: Silver Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][74][75] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, −1, 0, +1b, +2, +3
48 Cd: Cadmium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][76] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, +1, +2b
49 In: Indium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][77][78][79] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b
50 Sn: Tin Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][80][81][21] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b
51 Sb: Antimony Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][82][83][84][85] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5b
52 Te: Tellurium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][86][87][88][89] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
53 I: Iodine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [90][91][92][93] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4, +5b, +6, +7b
54 Xe: Xenon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [94][95][96] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +2, +4, +6, +8
55 Cs: Caesium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [3] Error: bad value in os-list: −1, +1b
56 Ba: Barium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [97][27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1, +2b
57 La: Lanthanum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
58 Ce: Cerium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4b
59 Pr: Praseodymium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][99][100][101] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5
60 Nd: Neodymium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][102] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b, +4
61 Pm: Promethium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [103] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b
62 Sm: Samarium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [104] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
63 Eu: Europium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2b, +3b
64 Gd: Gadolinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
65 Tb: Terbium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4
66 Dy: Dysprosium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][105] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b, +4
67 Ho: Holmium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b
68 Er: Erbium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b
69 Tm: Thulium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
70 Yb: Ytterbium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][98] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +1, +2, +3b
71 Lu: Lutetium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [60][103] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +2, +3b
72 Hf: Hafnium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][64][106] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b
73 Ta: Tantalum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32][66] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5b
74 W: Tungsten Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [32] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
75 Re: Rhenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [107] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7b
76 Os: Osmium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][108] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8b
77 Ir: Iridium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [109][110][111][112][113] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, -2, −1, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9
78 Pt: Platinum Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][114][115] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b, +5, +6
79 Au: Gold Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][116] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1b, +2, +3b, +5
80 Hg: Mercury Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [39][117] Error: bad value in os-list: −2, +1b, +2b
81 Tl: Thallium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][118][119][120] Error: bad value in os-list: −5, −2, −1, +1b, +2, +3b
82 Pb: Lead Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [18][121][122][123] Error: bad value in os-list: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2b, +3, +4b
83 Bi: Bismuth Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [124][125][126][127][128] Error: bad value in os-list: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3b, +4, +5
84 Po: Polonium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [129] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, +2b, +4b, +5, +6
85 At: Astatine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b, +3, +5, +7
86 Rn: Radon Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [130][131][132] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +6
87 Fr: Francium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +1b
88 Ra: Radium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2b
89 Ac: Actinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +3b
90 Th: Thorium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [133][134][135] Error: bad value in os-list: -1, +1, +2, +3, +4b
91 Pa: Protactinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [136] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3, +4, +5b
92 U: Uranium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [137][138][139] Error: bad value in os-list: -1, +1, +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6b
93 Np: Neptunium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [140] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3, +4, +5b, +6, +7
94 Pu: Plutonium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [141][142] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3, +4b, +5, +6, +7, +8
95 Am: Americium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [143] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4, +5, +6, +7
96 Cm: Curium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [144][145][146][147] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b, +4, +5, +6
97 Bk: Berkelium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [144][145][148][149][150] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4, +5
98 Cf: Californium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [144][145] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4, +5
99 Es: Einsteinium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [151] Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b, +4
100 Fm: Fermium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b
101 Md: Mendelevium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +3b
102 No: Nobelium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +3
103 Lr: Lawrencium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +3b
104 Rf: Rutherfordium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list: +4b
105 Db: Dubnium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [152] Error: bad value in os-list: +5b
106 Sg: Seaborgium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [153][154] Error: bad value in os-list: 0, +6b
107 Bh: Bohrium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [155] Error: bad value in os-list: +7b
108 Hs: Hassium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [156] Error: bad value in os-list: +8b
109 Mt: Meitnerium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
110 Ds: Darmstadtium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
111 Rg: Roentgenium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
112 Cn: Copernicium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group [157] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b
113 Nh: Nihonium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
114 Fl: Flerovium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
115 Mc: Moscovium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
116 Lv: Livermorium Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
117 Ts: Tennessine Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
118 Og: Oganesson Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group Error: bad value in os-list:
50px Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

Documentation

Usage

In List of oxidation states of the elements
Per element:
{{List of oxidation states of the elements/row}}

<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> |-

| style="text-align:right;" | Symbol not in list

| style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="Symbol not in list" |

| style="text-align:left;" | Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol

| style="background:#d5e6f7"|−5

| style="background:#dfdfdf"|−4

| style="background:#ffc0cb"|−3

| style="background:#ffecd3"|−2

| style="background:#f5deb3"|−1

| style="background:#e0ffff;"|0

| style="background:#ffa07a"|+1

| style="background:#ffdead"|+2

| style="background:#ffbffe"|+3

| style="background:#cbcbcb"|+4

| style="background:#cccc98"|+5

| style="background:#a0fec2"|+6

| style="background:#e6fe8e"|+7

| style="background:#d1ddff"|+8

| style="background:#c6dd9d"|+9

| style="text-align:right;" | Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-group

| style="text-align:left;"| Error: bad value in os-list:

|-

</syntaxhighlight>

  • |os= to list options in this form (b-values = bold: main oxidation states), in any order:

<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> |os = -5, -4, -3, -2,-1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9 -5b, -4b, -3b, -2b, -1b, 0b, +1b, +2b, +3b, +4b, +5b, +6b, +7b, +8b, +9b </syntaxhighlight>

  • |ref= should have <ref>...</ref> tags; one or more refs can be entered.

See also: oxidation states in {{infobox element}}

The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} (An overview is here).

See also

Technical subtemplates
  1. ↑ H(0) is found in dihydrogen complexes.
  2. ↑ Disodium helide, (Na+)2He(e-)2, has been synthesized at high pressure, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.
  4. ↑ Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride clusters; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
  6. ↑ Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and in [(CAAC)2Be]+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Schroeder, Melanie (in de). Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden. p. 139. https://d-nb.info/995006210/34. 
  8. ↑ B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135.
  9. ↑ B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  10. ↑ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  11. ↑ Gold heptafluoride is calculated to be the pentafluoride with a molecular F2 ligand. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  12. ↑ A cluster of elusive SF6+ with helium atoms is known to have fluorine(0) atom as a ligand; see Albertini, Simon; Bergmeister, Stefan; Laimer, Felix; Martini, Paul; Gruber, Elisabeth; Zappa, Fabio; Ončák, Milan; Scheier, Paul; Echt, Olof (2021-04-22). "SF 6 + : Stabilizing Transient Ions in Helium Nanodroplets". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 12 (17): 4112–4117. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01024. ISSN 1948-7185. PMC 8154854. PMID 33886323.
  13. ↑ Ne(0) has been observed in Cr(CO)5Ne. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  14. ↑ The compound NaCl has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual stoichiometries under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  15. ↑ Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  16. ↑ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  17. ↑ Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value)., and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: Riedel, Erwin, ed. (2007). Moderne Anorganische Chemie (in Deutsch). p. 259, and "Vorlesung Intermetallische Phasen § 6.2 Binäre Zintl-Phasen" (in Deutsch).
  19. ↑ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  20. ↑ Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  22. ↑ P(0) has been observed, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  23. ↑ Chlorine(0) is present as dichlorine in {SnCl62--Cl2}x and {PbCl62--Cl2}x polymeric anion complexes see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  24. ↑ The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value)., and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  25. ↑ Ar(0) has been observed in argon fluorohydride (HArF) and ArCF22+, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  26. ↑ Ca(I) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Octacarbonyl complexes isolated of Ca, Sr, Ba have been observed in a neon matrix, but it remains unclear whether these are metal(0) complexes because calculations disagree whether the metal is covalently or ionically bonded to the ligands; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  28. ↑ Sc(0) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  29. ↑ Sc(I) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  30. ↑ Sc(II) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  31. ↑ Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see Christian Bach (January 1999) (in de). Carbonylkomplexe der Platinmetalle. p. 4. http://d-nb.info/956310893/34. ; Werner, Helmut (2008). Landmarks in Organo-Transition Metal Chemistry: A Personal View. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-387-09848-7.; Haiduc, Ionel; Zuckerman, Jerry J. (2011). Basic Organometallic Chemistry: Containing Comprehensive Bibliography. Walter de Gruyter. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-89925-006-9.
  33. ↑ Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  34. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  35. ↑ Mn(–3) and Mn(–1) occurs in Mn(NO)3(CO) and HMn(CO)5 respectively; see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  36. ↑ Mn(–2) has been described erroneously by Greenwood as [MnPc]2–; for a correct explanation, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  37. ↑ Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO4]−; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  38. ↑ Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). However, its existence has been disputed.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  40. ↑ Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  41. ↑ Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  42. ↑ Zn(0) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  43. ↑ Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  44. ↑ Zn(III) has been predicted to be stable in compounds with highly stabilized borane-based trianions, but no Zn(III) candidates are known experimentally; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  45. ↑ Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann (in de). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden. p. 72. http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf. 
  46. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in Deutsch). 66b: 1107–1121.
  47. ↑ Ga(0) has been observed in Gallium monoiodide among other gallium's oxidation states
  48. ↑ Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Germanium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Deutsch) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–959. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.
  49. ↑ As(0) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  50. ↑ As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  51. ↑ As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO−
    ; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  52. ↑ Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se22−).
  53. ↑ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  54. ↑ Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see "Selenium: Selenium(I) chloride compound data". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  55. ↑ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  56. ↑ Se(V) has been observed in SeO−
    3     and HSeO2−
    4    ; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  57. ↑ Bromine(0) is present as an adduct in a copper-bromine complex, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  58. ↑ Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see [1]
  59. ↑ Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  60. ↑ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 60.10 60.11 60.12 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  61. ↑ Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  62. ↑ Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  63. ↑ Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Deutsch) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Zr(0) and Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2M (M=Zr, Hf) and [(η5-C5R5M(CO)4]−, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  65. ↑ Complexes of Nb(0) and Ta(0) have been observed, see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2003). "4.5.7. Niobium(0) and Tantalum(0)". In J. A. McCleverty; T.J. Meyer (eds.). Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II: From Biology to Nanotechnology. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Newnes. pp. 297–299. ISBN 978-0-08-091316-2.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Nb(I) and Ta(I) occur in CpNb(CO)4 and CpTa(CO)4, see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Tantal". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Deutsch) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1430. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9. and King, R. Bruce (1969). Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction. Academic Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-32-315996-8.
  67. ↑ Tc(–1) occurs in HTc(CO)5; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). Tc(–3) is erroneously reported by Greenwood.
  68. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  69. ↑ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  70. ↑ Pd(I) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  71. ↑ Pd(III) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  72. ↑ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104. PMC 1876520. PMID 17470819.
  73. ↑ Palladium(VI) has been claimed to exist in Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value)., but this has been refuted showing it is a Palladium(II).
  74. ↑ The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  75. ↑ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). Also, Ag(0) has been observed in [Ag4py2]n, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  76. ↑ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Deutsch) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
  77. ↑ In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  78. ↑ In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [2], p. 69.
  79. ↑ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [3], p. 6.
  80. ↑ Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  81. ↑ Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds
  82. ↑ Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  83. ↑ Sb(0) has been observed, see Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements. p. 39. doi:10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60 . https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf. 
  84. ↑ Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  85. ↑ Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl
    6    ]2−, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  86. ↑ Te(0) has been observed in tellurolates.
  87. ↑ Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see "Tellurium: tellurium iodide". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  88. ↑ Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  89. ↑ Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO−
    , TeO−
    , HTeO−
    2    , and TeO−
    3    ; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  90. ↑ Iodine(0) appears as I2 in polymeric {Sb2I93--I2}x and {Bi2I93--I2}x polymeric complex anions: see Korobeynikov, Nikita A; Usoltsev, Andrey N; Abramov, Pavel A; Sokolov, Maxim N; Adonin, Sergey A (2 Dec 2022). "One-Dimensional Iodoantimonate(III) and Iodobismuthate(III) Supramolecular Hybrids with Diiodine: Structural Features, Stability and Optical Properties". Molecules. 27 (23): 8487. doi:10.3390/molecules27238487. PMC 9735928. PMID 36500578.
  91. ↑ I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  92. ↑ I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Pauling, Linus (1988). "Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements". General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
  93. ↑ I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  94. ↑ Xe compounds: see Xenon
  95. ↑ Xe(0) has been observed in tetraxenonogold(II) (AuXe42+).
  96. ↑ Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
  97. ↑ Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  99. ↑ Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB4]−; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  100. ↑ Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  101. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  102. ↑ Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Template:Holleman&Wiberg
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Template:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
  104. ↑ SmB6- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value)..
  105. ↑ Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Template:Holleman&Wiberg
  106. ↑ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium". Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in русский). 24 (4): 890–893.
  107. ↑ Re(–3) and Re(–1) occurs in Na3[Re(CO)4] and HRe(CO)5 respectively; see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  108. ↑ Os(−1) has been observed in Na[Os(CO)
    13    ]; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  109. ↑ Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  110. ↑ Ir(–2) has been observed in IrVO2–; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  111. ↑ Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines.
  112. ↑ Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  113. ↑ Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+
    4    ; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  114. ↑ Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides BaPt and Ba2Pt, respectively: see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  115. ↑ Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  116. ↑ Au(0) has been observed, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  117. ↑ Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Young, Nigel (2016-07-12). "Is mercury a transition metal?". University of Hull. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12.
  118. ↑ Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  119. ↑ Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see King, R. B.; Schleyer, R. (2004). "Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry". In Driess, M.; Nöth, H. (eds.). Molecular clusters of the main group elements. Wiley-VCH, Chichester. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-527-61437-0.
  120. ↑ Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  121. ↑ Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman (ed.). Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  122. ↑ Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). Also, Pb(0) has been observed in [SiII(Xant)SiII]PbFe(CO)4; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  123. ↑ Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  124. ↑ Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases. Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68. http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim. 
  125. ↑ Bi(0) state is known to exist in a N-heterocyclic carbene complex of dibismuthene; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  126. ↑ Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman (ed.). Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3.
  127. ↑ Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  128. ↑ Bi(IV) has been observed; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  129. ↑ Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+
    ); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  130. ↑ Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  131. ↑ Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  132. ↑ Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  133. ↑ Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  134. ↑ Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  135. ↑ Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− and [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  136. ↑ Pa(II) occurs in proctactinium(II) oxide
  137. ↑ Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  138. ↑ U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). "Compounds of Thorium and Uranium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 34. Academic Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-12-023634-3. Retrieved 22 March 2015. Also, U(I) has been observed in [U(η5-C5iPr5)2]−, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  139. ↑ U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  140. ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  141. ↑ Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  142. ↑ Pu(VIII) has been observed in PuO
    4    ; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). Also see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  143. ↑ Am(VII) has been observed in AmO−
    5    ; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO2+, CfO2+, CmO2(NO3)2−, BkO2(NO3)2−, and CfO2(NO3)2−; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  146. ↑ Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO+
    2    ); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  147. ↑ Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value). However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  148. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  149. ↑ Peterson & Hobart 1984, p. 55.
  150. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  151. ↑ Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  152. ↑ Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. pp. 26–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20.
  153. ↑ Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  154. ↑ Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)6); see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  155. ↑ Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see Eichler R, Düllmann C, Gäggeler HW, Eichler B, et al. "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" (PDF). GSI Annual Report 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  156. ↑ Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see "Chemistry of Hassium" (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  157. ↑ Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see "Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. 2015. p. 3.
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