Antimony

Antimony, ₅₁Sb
General properties
Pronunciation	UK: /ˈæntɪməni/; (AN-tə-mə-nee); US: /ˈæntɪmoʊni/; (AN-tə-moh-nee);
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	121.760(1)
Antimony in the periodic table
	tin ← antimony → tellurium
Atomic number (Z)	51
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 5
Block	p-block
Element category	metalloid
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase at STP	Sb: Solid
Melting point	903.78 K (630.63 °C, 1167.13 °F)
Boiling point	1908 K (1635 °C, 2975 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	6.697 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.53 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	19.79 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	193.43 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.23 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.05
Ionization energies	1st: 834 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1594.9 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2440 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius	139±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	206 pm
	Spectral lines of antimony
Other properties
Natural occurrence	Sb: Primordial
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Speed of sound thin rod	3420 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	24.4 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	417 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	−99.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	55 GPa
Shear modulus	20 GPa
Bulk modulus	42 GPa
Mohs hardness	3.0
Brinell hardness	294–384 MPa
CAS Number	7440-36-0
History
Discovery	Arabic alchemists (before AD 815)
Main isotopes of antimony
	view; talk; edit; \| references

Antimony is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sb. The symbol Sb is from the Latin name of 'stibium' for the element. It has the atomic number 51. Its atomic mass is 121.8. It is a blue-gray element that is somewhat toxic.

Antimony crystal

It is a solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a specific pressure).

Properties

Physical properties

Powdered antimony

Antimony has four allotropes. The common allotrope of antimony is a blue-white metalloid. It looks black when powdered. It is brittle, soft, and shiny. Yellow and black antimony are unstable nonmetals. Yellow antimony is only found at very cold temperatures. It is made by oxidation of stibine. It turns into black antimony when light is shined on it or when it is warmer. Black antimony is normally made by heating metallic antimony until it boils and then cooling the vapors very quickly. It can ignite spontaneously (without any ignition source like a spark or a flame). It also corrodes easily. There is another explosive form of antimony that is made by electrolysis of antimony trichloride. This antimony is impure, containing a lot of chlorine. It explodes when heated, scratched, and/or smashed changing into the metallic form. There is no chemical reaction; the atoms in the antimony crystal are rearranging themselves. When antimony is talked about it normally means the blue-white metalloid form, since it is most common.

Antimony is found as two stable (not radioactive) isotopes naturally. Sb- 123 and Sb-121

Chemical properties

Antimony is a rather unreactive element. It does not dissolve in acids easily. It can dissolve in oxidizing acids like nitric or sulfuric acid. It does not corrode easily in air, although the black allotrope can corrode. Antimony burns in air to make antimony trioxide. In excess air, it burns to antimony tetroxide.

Chemical compounds

Antimony forms chemical compounds, mostly in three oxidation states: -3, +3, and +5. -3 compounds are called antimonides. They are made by reacting antimony with other metals. They react with acids to make the toxic and unstable gas stibine. +3 compounds are the most common. They are weak oxidizing agents. They are somewhat covalent, having low melting points. Antimony trichloride is a colorless and soft solid that has a strong odor. Antimony trioxide is a white solid that dissolves a little in water. The other antimony(III) halides all react with water except for antimony trifluoride. +5 compounds are strong oxidizing agents. Antimony pentafluoride is highly reactive, as well as antimony pentoxide.

Antimony trioxide

Antimony trichloride

Antimony sulfide

-3 compounds

-3 compounds are reducing agents. The antimonides have properties between alloys and salts.

Aluminium antimonide, black solid
Antimonide, the Sb^3- ion
Stibine, unstable colorless gas made when antimonides react with acids
Zinc antimonide, gray solid

+3 compounds

+3 compounds are weak oxidizing agents. They are covalent. Most of them are colorless or light yellow solids. They are the most common antimony compounds.

Antimony tribromide, colorless solid, reacts with water
Antimony trichloride, colorless or pale yellow soft solid, reacts with water
Antimony trifluoride, light gray solid, dissolves in water
Antimony triiodide, yellow solid, reacts with water
Antimony trioxide, white solid, most common antimony compound
Antimony trisulfide, gray solid, flammable

Mixed oxidation state

Antimony tetroxide has antimony in both its +3 and +5 oxidation state.

+5 compounds

+5 compounds are strong oxidizing agents. They are rare.

Antimony pentachloride, pale yellow liquid
Antimony pentafluoride, colorless oily liquid
Antimony pentoxide, yellow solid

History

Antimony sulfide was known for a long time. Some things plated with antimony and made out of antimony were found in Egypt and Chaldea. The first time antimony was mentioned in Europe was in the 1540. The first native antimony was found in Sweden in 1783. Antimony sulfide and antimony were confused sometimes in antiquity. There is a question over what "stibium", the original name of antimony, meant.

Occurrence

Stibnite, an antimony sulfide mineral

Antimony is not common. It is found about as often as thallium. It is quite easy to get, though and is in many minerals. Antimony is sometimes found as an element, but normally it is found as stibnite, an antimony sulfide mineral. Stibnite is the main ore of antimony. China is the biggest maker of antimony; it makes 84% of all antimony. Other countries that make antimony are South Africa, Bolivia, and Kyrgyzstan. Antimony is not used in the human body.

Production

Antimony is made from stibnite by heating it with air. This makes antimony trioxide. Since it gets so hot, the antimony trioxide is evaporated. Other metal oxides in the stibnite ore do not evaporate. The antimony trioxide gas is condensed in a container. The antimony trioxide is then heated with carbon to make carbon dioxide and antimony. Another way to make antimony is to heat stibnite with scrap iron. This makes iron(II) sulfide and antimony. The antimony is separated and used.

Uses

About half of all antimony is used to make antimony trioxide for flame proofing.

It makes an alloy with lead. This alloy, 5% antimony and 95% lead, is harder than pure lead. It is used in lead acid batteries, as well as some other things. It is used as an alloy with lead in the pipes of pipe organs. Pewter has antimony in it. Some lead-free solder has antimony in it. It is used as an alloy with lead in ammunition for small arms and in covering of cables as well. It is also used in some alloys that have very little friction like Babbitt metal.

Another use is in a catalyst for making some plastics. Antimony(III) oxide is added to some glass to remove bubbles for things like television screens. Antimony is used as a dopant in electronics. Some antimony compounds were used as medicines to kill protozoans. The antimony pill was a chunk of antimony that was supposed to heal diseases. It is used in medicines for pets. Antimony sulfide is used in matches.

Safety

Antimony is toxic. Its toxicity is similar to arsenic, although it is less toxic than arsenic. Breathing in antimony dust can be very dangerous. Antimony reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Small amounts of antimony come out of plastic bottles where antimony was used as a catalyst. Some people were concerned that too much antimony was coming out.

AntimonyChemical Compounds Media

Native antimony with oxidation products
Crystal structure common to Sb, AsSb and gray As
Stibnite, China CM29287 Carnegie Museum of Natural History specimen on display in Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems
AntimonypentafluoridemonomerDballs
One of the alchemical symbols for antimony
The Italian metallurgist Vannoccio Biringuccio described a procedure to isolate antimony.
World antimony output in 2010
World production trend of antimony
InSb infrared detector manufactured by Mullard in the 1960s

↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B.; Berglund, M.; Brand, W.A.; De Bièvre, P.; Gröning, M.; Holden, N.E.; Irrgeher, J.; Loss, R.D.; Walczyk, T.; Prohaska, T. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B.; Berglund, M.; Brand, W.A.; De Bièvre, P.; Gröning, M.; Holden, N.E.; Irrgeher, J.; Loss, R.D.; Walczyk, T.; Prohaska, T. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[2] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[3] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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