Scandium

Scandium is chemical element. Its symbol is Sc. It has an atomic number of 21 on the periodic table.

Scandium,  ₂₁Sc

General properties
Pronunciation	/ˈskændiəm/ ​(SKAN-dee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	44.955908(5)
Scandium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Sc ↓ Y calcium ← scandium → titanium
Atomic number (Z)	21
Group	group n/a
Period	period {{{period}}}
Block	[[{{{block}}}-block]]
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	Sc: Solid
Melting point	1814 K ​(1541 °C, ​2806 °F)
Boiling point	3109 K ​(2836 °C, ​5136 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	2.985 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.80 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	14.1 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	332.7 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.52 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1645 1804 (2006) (2266) (2613) (3101)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.36
Ionization energies	1st: 633.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1235.0 kJ/mol 3rd: 2388.6 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 162 pm
Covalent radius	170±7 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Spectral lines of scandium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	Sc: Primordial
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Thermal expansion	α, poly: 10.2 µm/(m·K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity	15.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 562 nΩ·m (at r.t., calculated)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	+315.0×10−6 cm3/mol (292 K)
Young's modulus	74.4 GPa
Shear modulus	29.1 GPa
Bulk modulus	56.6 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.279
Brinell hardness	736–1200 MPa
CAS Number	7440-20-2
History
Naming	after Scandinavia
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolation	Lars Fredrik Nilson (1879)
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct

Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals. It is also a rare earth metal. What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth. Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive. The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen. The metal turns from shiny to gray.

Scandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us. It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. These lamps are used to light stadiums.

Scandium Media

• 

  Parts of the MiG-29 are made from Al-Sc alloy.

Related pages

• Periodic table
• List of common elements

Further reading

Library resources about Scandium

Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries

• Scerri, Eric R. (2007). The Periodic System: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195305739. OCLC 62766695.

Other websites

• Scandium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• WebElements.com – Scandium
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Scandium" . Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Template:Periodic table (navbox)