Voiceless velar plosive
(Redirected from Voiceless velar stop)
The voiceless velar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨k⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨k⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "c" in care and the "k" in kiss.
| Voiceless velar plosive | |
|---|---|
| k | |
| IPA number | 109 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | k |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006B |
| X-SAMPA | k |
Feeatures
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. It means that we produce this sound by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- Its phonation is voiceless. It means that we produce this sound without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- We produce it at velar. It means that we produce this sound with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
- Its behavior is stop, or plosive. It means that we produce this sound by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)See also: Voiced velar lateral stop
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | а'қ'алақь/ak̇halak̇h’ | [ˈakalakʲ] | 'the city' | |
| Adyghe | Shapsug | 'кь'эт/k′ėt | [kʲat] | 'chicken' |
| Temirgoy | пс'к'эн/pskėn | [pskan] | ||
| Ahtna | gistaann | [kɪstʰɐːn] | 'six' | |
| Aleut[1] | 'k'iikax̂ | [kiːkaχ] | 'cranberry bush' | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[2] | كتب/kutib | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | 'ք'աղա'ք'/ k'aġak'/k'aghak | [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] | 'town' |
| Assamese | 'ক'ম/kom | [kɔm] | 'less' | |
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ [[[Syriac alphabet|'c'tava]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help) | [ktava] | 'book' | |
| Basque | 'k'atu | [kat̪u] | 'cat' | |
| Bengali | 'ক'ম/kom | [kɔm] | 'less' | |
| Bulgarian | 'к'а'к'/kak | [kak] | 'how' | |
| Catalan[4] | 'c'ors | [ˈkɔ(ɾ)s] | 'hearts' | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 家 / 'g'ā | [kaː˥] | 'home' |
| Hokkien | 歌 'k'oa | [kua] | 'song' | |
| Mandarin | 高 / 'g'āo | [kɑʊ˥] | 'high' | |
| Chuvash | кукка | [ku'kːɑ] | 'mother's brother' | |
| Czech | 'k'ost | [kost] | 'bone' | |
| Danish | Standard[5] | 'g'ås | [ˈkɔ̽ːs] | 'goose' |
| Dutch[6] | 'k'oning | [ˈkoːnɪŋ] | 'king' | |
| English | kiss | [kʰɪs] | 'kiss' | |
| Esperanto | ra'k'onto | [raˈkonto] | 'tale' | |
| Estonian | kõik | [kɤik] | 'all' | |
| Filipino | 'k'uto | [ˈkuto] | 'lice' | |
| Finnish | 'k'a'kk'u | [kɑkːu] | 'cake' | |
| French[7] | 'c'abinet | [kabinɛ] | 'office' | |
| Georgian[8] | 'ქ'ვა/kva | [kʰva] | 'stone' | |
| German | 'K'äfig | [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] | 'cage' | |
| Greek | 'κ'αλόγερος / 'k'alógeros | [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] | 'monk' | |
| Gujarati | 'કાં'દો/kaṃde | [kɑːnd̪oː] | 'onion' | |
| Hebrew | כסף / 'k'esef | [ˈkesef] | 'money' | |
| Hiligaynon | 'k'adlaw | [kad̪law] | 'laugh' | |
| Hindustani | काम / کام | [kɑːm] | 'work' | |
| Hungarian | a'kk'or | [ɒkkor] | 'then' | |
| Italian[9] | 'c'asa | [ˈkäːzä] | 'house' | |
| Japanese[10] | 鞄 / 'k'aban | [kabaɴ] | 'handbag' | |
| Kagayanen[11] | 'k'alag | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | |
| Khmer | កម្ពុជា / kâmpŭchéa | [kampuciːə] | 'Cambodia' | |
| Korean | 감자 / 'k'amja | [kamdʑa] | 'potato' | |
| Lakota | kimímela | [kɪˈmɪmela] | 'butterfly' | |
| Luxembourgish[12] | 'g'eess | [ˈkeːs] | 'goat' | |
| Macedonian | кој | [kɔj] | 'who' | |
| Marathi | 'क'वच | [kəʋət͡s] | 'armour' | |
| Malay | 'k'a'k'i | [käki] | 'leg' | |
| Nepali | 'के'रा | [keɾä] | 'banana' | |
| Norwegian | 'k'a'k'e | [kɑːkɛ] | 'cake' | |
| Odia | 'କା'ମ/kāma | [kämɔ] | 'work' | |
| Pashto | كال/kal | [kɑl] | 'year' | |
| Persian | کارد/kārd | [kɑrd] | 'knife' | |
| Polish[13] | bu'k' | [ˈbuk] | 'beech tree' | |
| Portuguese[14] | 'c'orpo | [ˈkoɾpu] | 'body' | |
| Punjabi | ਕਰ/کر/kar | [kəɾ] | 'do' | |
| Romanian[15] | 'c'ând | [ˈkɨnd] | 'when' | |
| Russian[16] | 'к'орот'к'ий/korotkiy | [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] | 'short' | |
| Serbo-Croatian[17] | 'к'ост / 'k'ost | [kȏːs̪t̪] | 'bone' | |
| Slovak | 'k'osť | [kɔ̝stɕ] | 'bone' | |
| Spanish[18] | 'c'asa | [ˈkäsä] | 'house' | |
| Swedish | 'k'o | [ˈkʰuː] | 'cow' | |
| Sylheti | 'ꠇꠤ'ꠔꠣ/kita | [kɪt̪à] | 'what' | |
| Tamil | கை/kai | [kəɪ̯] | 'hand' | |
| Telugu | కాకి/kāki | [kāki] | 'crow' | |
| Thai | ไ'ก่'/kị̀ | [kaj˨˩] | 'chicken' | |
| Turkish | 'k'ula'k' | [kʰuɫäk] | 'ear' | |
| Ubykh | кауар/kawar | [kawar] | 'slat' | |
| Ukrainian[19] | 'к'олесо/koleso | [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] | 'wheel' | |
| Vietnamese[20] | 'c'am | [kam] | 'orange' | |
| Welsh | calon | [kalɔn] | 'heart' | |
| West Frisian | 'k'eal | [kɪəl] | 'calf' | |
| Yi | ꇰ / 'g'e | [kɤ˧] | 'foolish' | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | canza | [kanza] | 'walking' |
Voiceless Velar Plosive Media
Sagittal section of a voiceless velar plosive
![[kʲat]](/w/siteImages/blank-media.png){kind=link}
Notes
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ DEX Online : [1]
- ↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
References
- Basbøll, Hans. The Phonology of Danish (2005)Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-97876-5.
- Carbonell, Joan F.. Catalan. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2) (1992). p. 53–56. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618.
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena. European Portuguese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2) (1995). p. 90–94. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223.
- Danyenko, Andrii. Ukrainian (1995)Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian (2009). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Fougeron, Cecile. French. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2) (1993). p. 73–76. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874.
- Gilles, Peter. Luxembourgish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1) (2013). p. 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
- Gussenhoven, Carlos. Dutch. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2) (1992). p. 45–47. doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X.
- Jassem, Wiktor. Polish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1) (2003). p. 103–107. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191.
- Ladefoged, Peter. Vowels and Consonants (2005)Blackwell.
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio. Castilian Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2) (2003). p. 255–259. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.
- Merrill, Elizabeth. Tilquiapan Zapotec. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1) (2008). p. 107–114. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
- Okada, Hideo. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (1999)Cambridge University Press. p. 117–119. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
- Olson, Kenneth. The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2) (2010). p. 199–215. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296.
- Padgett, Jaye. Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1) (2003). p. 39–87. doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505.
- Rogers, Derek. Italian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1) (2004). p. 117–121. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.
- Shosted, Ryan K.. Standard Georgian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2) (2006). p. 255–264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
- Thelwall, Robin. Arabic. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2) (1990). p. 37–41. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266.
- Thompson, Laurence. Saigon phonemics. Language 35 (3) (1959). p. 454–476. doi:10.2307/411232.
- Landau, Ernestina. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (1999). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 66–69. ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0.