Voiced palatal approximant

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Palatal approximant
j
Encoding
X-SAMPAj
 

The voiced palatal approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is used in English, written as y, as in yes. Linguists usually call this symbol "yod," since in English, the name for the letter J starts with the /dʒ/ sound.

Characteristics

  • Its phonation is voiced. It means that the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • We produce it at palatal. It means that we produce this sound with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • It is a nasal consonant. It means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • Its behavior is approximant. It means that we produce this sound by narrowing the vocal tract at the place we produce this sound, but not narrowing to much to produce a turbulent airstream.

Example

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe 'я'тӀэ / yat'a [jatʼa] (help·info) 'dirt'
Afrikaans 'j'a [jɑː] 'yes' See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard يوم / yawm [jawm] 'day' See Arabic phonology
Aragonese[1] ca'y'e [ˈkaʝ̞e̞] 'falls' Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace /ʝ̞/ before /e/).[1]
Armenian Eastern[2] 'յ'ուղ / yuq [juʁ] 'fat'
Assamese মানৱী'য়'তা / manowiyota [manɔwijɔta] 'humanity'
Assyrian ܝܡܐ / yama [jaːma] 'sea'
Azerbaijani 'y'uxu [juχu] 'dream'
Basque ba'i' [baj] 'yes'
Bengali ন'য়'ন / noyon [nɔjon] 'eye' A phonetic merger of the non-syllabic front vowels /i̯ e̯/. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian ма'й'ка / majka [ˈmajkɐ] 'mother' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[3] All dialects fe'i'a [ˈfejɐ] 'I did' See Catalan phonology
Some dialects 'j'o [ˈjɔ] 'I'
Chechen 'я'лх / yalx [jalx] 'six'
Chinese Cantonese 日 / jat9 [jɐt˨ʔ] 'day' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 鸭 (鴨) / yā [ja˥] 'duck' See Mandarin phonology
Chuvash йывӑҫ / yıvëş [jɯʋəɕ̬] 'tree'
Czech 'j'e [jɛ] (help·info) 'is' See Czech phonology
Danish 'j'eg [jɑ] 'I' See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[4] 'j'a [jaː] (help·info) 'yes' Frequently realized as a fricative [ʝ], especially in emphatic speech.[4] See Dutch phonology
English you [juː] 'you' See English phonology
Esperanto 'j'aro [jaro] 'year' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian 'j'alg [ˈjɑlɡ] 'leg' See Estonian phonology
Finnish 'j'alka [ˈjɑlkɑ] 'leg' See Finnish phonology
French 'y'eux [jø] 'eyes' See French phonology
German Standard[5][6] 'J'acke [ˈjäkə] 'jacket' Also described as a fricative [ʝ][7][8] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[9] See Standard German phonology
Greek Ancient Greek ε'ἴ'η / éiē [ějːɛː] 's/he shall come' See Ancient Greek phonology
Hebrew 'י'לד / yeled [ˈjeled] 'kid' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani 'या'न / یان / yán [jäːn] 'vehicle' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian 'j'áték [jaːteːk] 'game' See Hungarian phonology
Irish[10] 'gh'earrfadh [ˈjɑːɾˠhəx] 'would cut' See Irish phonology
Ingush 'я'лат / jalat ['jalat] 'grain' See Ingush phonology
Italian[11] 'i'one [ˈjoːne] 'ion' See Italian phonology
Jalapa Mazatec[12] [example needed] Contrasts voiceless /[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "j̊" not found in list|j̊]]/, plain voiced /j/ and glottalized voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.[12]
Japanese 焼く / yaku [jaku͍] 'to bake' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian 'й'и / yi [ji] 'game'
Kazakh 'Я'ғни / yağni [jaʁni] 'so'
Khmer យំ / yom [jom] 'to cry' See Khmer phonology
Korean 여섯 / yeoseot [jʌsʌt̚] 'six' See Korean phonology
Latin iacere [ˈjakɛrɛ] 'to throw' See Latin spelling and pronunciation
Lithuanian[13] 'j'i [jɪ] 'she' Also described as a fricative [ʝ].[14][15] See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian кра'ј' / kraj [kraj] 'end' See Macedonian phonology
Malay sa'y'ang [sajaŋ] 'love'
Malayalam പായ/paya [paːjɐ] 'mat' See Malayalam phonology
Maltese 'j'iekol [jɪɛkol] 'he eats'
Mapudungun[16] ka'y'u [kɜˈjʊ] 'six' May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[16]
Marathi 'य'श / yaš [jəʃ] 'success'
Nepali 'या'म / yam [jäm] 'season' See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Urban East[17][18] 'g'i [jiː] 'to give' May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[18][19] See Norwegian phonology
Odia ସମ'ୟ' / samaya [sɔmɔjɔ] 'time'
Persian یزد / Yäzd [jæzd] 'Yazd' See Persian phonology
Polish[20] 'j'utro [ˈjut̪rɔ] (help·info) 'tomorrow' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[21] bo'i'a [ˈbɔjɐ] 'buoy', 'float' Allophone of both /i/ and /[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʎ̟" not found in list|ʎ]]/,[22] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਯਾਰ / yár [jäːɾ] 'friend'
Romanian 'i'ar [jar] 'again' See Romanian phonology
Russian[23] 'я'ма / jama [ˈjämə] 'pit' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[24] 'ј'уг / 'j'ug [jûɡ] 'South' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[25] 'j'esť [jɛ̝sc] 'to eat' See Slovak phonology
Slovene 'j'az [ˈjʌ̂s̪] 'I'
Solos 'y'as [jas] 'up' See Alphabet section in Solos language
Spanish[26] Standard a'y'er [aˈʝ̞e̞ɾ] (help·info) 'yesterday' Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.[26] Contrast with /j/. See Spanish phonology
t'i'erra [ˈt̪je.ra] (help·info) 'earth'
Rioplatense 'hi'elo [ˈje.lo] 'ice'
Swedish 'j'ag [ˈjɑːɡ] 'I' May be realized as a palatal fricative [ʝ] instead. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog ma'y'a [ˈmajɐ] 'sparrow'
Tamil 'யா'னை [ˈjaːnaɪ] 'elephant' See Tamil phonology
Telugu 'యా'తన / yatana [jaːtana] 'agony'
Turkish[27] 'y'ol [jo̞ɫ̪] 'way' See Turkish phonology
Turkmen 'ý'üpek [jypek] 'silk'
Ubykh ајәушқӏa / ajëwšq'a [ajəwʃqʼa] 'you did it' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian 'ї'жак / ïžak [jiˈʒɑk] 'hedgehog' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Southern dialects 'd'e [jɛ] 'cinnamon' Corresponds to northern /z/. See Vietnamese phonology
Washo da'y'áʔ [daˈjaʔ] 'leaf' Contrasts voiceless /[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "j̊" not found in list|j̊]]/ and voiced /j/ approximants.
Welsh 'i'aith [jai̯θ] 'language' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian 'j'as [jɔs] 'coat' See West Frisian phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[28] 'y'an [jaŋ] 'neck'

Nasal

j̃
 

The nasal voiced palatal approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English, but is in Sakha, and other languages.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Nheengatu 'nh'eẽ [j̃ẽʔẽ] 'to speak' Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ⟨nh⟩ sound. Sometimes written with ⟨ñ⟩
Hindustani[29] संयम / sanyama [səj̃jəm] 'patience' Allophone of /n/ before [j]. See Hindustani phonology
Kaingang[30] [j̃ũ] 'brave' Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.[31]
Lombard bisò'gn' de [biˈzɔj̃ d̪e] 'need for (something)' Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
Louisiana Creole[32] sinñin sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃ 'bleed' Intervocalic allophone of /ɲ/
Polish[33] pa'ń'stwo [ˈpãj̃stfɔ] (help·info) 'state, country' Allophone of /ɲ/ before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Brazilian[34] so'nh'o [ˈsõj̃ʊ] 'dream' Allophone of /[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ɲ̟" not found in list|ɲ]]/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.[35][36] See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[37] cã'e's [kɐ̃j̃s] 'dogs' Allophone of /i/ after nasal vowels.
Some dialects[35] m'e' ame! [ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi] 'love me!' Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds.
Shipibo[38] [example needed] Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.[38]
Spanish Zwolle-Ebarb[39] año [ˈãj̃o] 'year' Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech[40] niños [ˈnij̃os] 'kids' Allophone of /ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakha а'й'ыы [aȷ̃ɯː] 'sin, transgression' /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography.[41]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mott (2007), pp. 105–106.
  2. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 198.
  5. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 86.
  6. ↑ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 340.
  7. ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 51.
  8. ↑ Krech et al. (2009), p. 83.
  9. ↑ Hall (2003), p. 48.
  10. ↑ Ó Sé (2000), p. 17.
  11. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83.
  13. ↑ Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23.
  14. ↑ Augustaitis (1964), p. 23.
  15. ↑ Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 46–47.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91.
  17. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 22 and 25.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Vanvik (1979), p. 41.
  19. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 74.
  20. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  21. ↑ Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech (in Portuguese).
  22. ↑ The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony(in Portuguese). Pages 223 and 228.
  23. ↑ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
  24. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  25. ↑ Pavlík (2004), p. 106.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205.
  27. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  28. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  29. ↑ Canepari (2005:335)
  30. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  31. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:681)
  32. ↑ Klingler, Thomas A.. The survey of pidgin and creole languages 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages (2013)Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
  33. ↑ Gussman (2007)
  34. ↑ Perini (2002:?)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  36. ↑ Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
  37. ↑ Vigário (2003:77)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
  39. ↑ Stark (1980:170)
  40. ↑ Lipski, John M.. Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis. Probus 1 (2) (1989). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211.[dead link]
  41. ↑ Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet. omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
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