Eastern Bloc
The term Eastern Bloc referred to the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the countries of the Warsaw Pact, along with Yugoslavia and Albania, which were not aligned with the Soviet Union after 1948 and 1960 respectively. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) arranged economic cooperation among the members. Although officially independent countries, they were Soviet satellite states. The Eastern Bloc was created in 1947 by Joseph Stalin who was leader of the Soviet Union.
Communist governments were initially installed, mostly in places that had been controlled by the Axis countries and occupied due to the victories of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II). The process included extensive political and media controls, along with a Soviet approach to restricting emigration. Events such as the split of Josip Broz Tito and Berlin Blockade prompted stricter control. While certain oppositional factions in the Bloc had revolts, such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika experienced inefficiencies and stagnation throughout much of the Bloc preceding the Bloc's dissolution. Counterrevolutions in 1989 dissolved the Soviet Bloc.
A 2009 Pew Research Center poll showed that 72% of Hungarians and 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant.[1] A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy.[2]
Post-1991 Eastern Bloc associations
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
- People's Republic of China
- India (from 2017)
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Pakistan (from 2017, also aligned with Western Bloc)
- Russia
- Tajikistan
- Uzbekistan
African countries that have gained independence from Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and the United Kingdom
ALBA
Remaining communist or non-Marxist-Leninist states
Eastern Bloc Media
1950 Soviet stamp, depicting the flags and peoples of communist states at the time, including those of Eastern Europe
States that had communist governments in red, states that the Soviet Union believed at one point to be moving toward socialism in orange, and states with constitutional references to socialism in yellow.
Eastern Bloc Area Border changes 1938 to 1948
The Big Three (British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Premier of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin) at the Yalta Conference, February 1945
German civilians watching Western supply planes at Berlin Tempelhof Airport during the Berlin Airlift
Countries which once had overtly Marxist–Leninist governments in bright red and countries the USSR considered at one point to be "moving toward socialism" in orange
Communist countries and Soviet republics in Europe with their representative flags (1950s)
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References
- ↑ "End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 2009-11-02. http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ↑ "Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 2011-12-05. http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/12/05/confidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union/. Retrieved 2018-05-14.