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George Floyd protests

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The George Floyd protests were a series of protests and riots that started in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota, United States. Unrest began in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020, after the murder of George Floyd and continued until early 2022. Floyd died while being arrested by officers of the Minneapolis Police Department on May 25. Protests spread to many cities in the United States, and later the world.

George Floyd protests
Part of the Black Lives Matter movement
Crowd of protesters with signs, including one reading "I Can't Breathe"
Clockwise from top:
DateIn whole of the United States: May 26, 2020 – May 26, 2021 (1 year)
Minneapolis–Saint Paul: May 26, 2020 – May 2, 2023 (2 years, 11 months and 1 week)
Location
United States
(Other cities worldwide in solidarity)
Caused by
MethodsProtests, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, online activism, strike action, riots
Resulted in
Deaths, arrests and damages
Death(s)19+ (May 26–June 8, 2020)[2]
Arrested14,000+[3]

Some of the protesters at the police's Third Precinct building[4] fought with law enforcement officers, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets.[5][6] Additionally, the Third Precinct's windows were smashed. A supermarket was looted, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. At least thirteen people were killed because of the protests, but overall, most of the protests were peaceful. According to a September 2020 report by the U.S. Crisis Monitor, almost 95% of all protests were nonviolent.[7][8]

On May 28, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey declared a state of emergency, and Governor of Minnesota Tim Walz called in 500 Minnesota National Guard troops.[9] More businesses across the Twin Cities were damaged and looted.

The police in the Third Precinct building attempted to hold off the protesters with tear gas, but around 11:00 pm, protesters overran the building and set it on fire. It had been evacuated.[10]

Both Walz and Frey started curfews. Former U.S. President Donald Trump assured Walz of U.S. military support.[11]

The activist group Black Lives Matter was involved in the protests.[12][13] They do not have one leader or one organization.

There were many attacks on journalists, both in the Twin Cities and at other protests.[14]

Background

See also: COVID-19 pandemic

The George Floyd protests took place in the spring and early summer of 2020, shortly after the number of deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 in the United States reached 100,000.[15] The COVID-19 pandemic had already affected black and other non-white Americans more than white Americans. Experts said that the protesters might spread the virus to each other.[16]

Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo said on Saturday, May 30: "You have a right to demonstrate. You have the right to protest. God bless America. You don't have a right to infect other people. You don't have a right to act in a way that's going to jeopardize[a] public health. You can have an opinion but there are also facts, and you're wrong not to wear a mask."[16]

Some experts said the COVID-19 pandemic helped cause the George Floyd protests and made them larger. Scholar Dr. Marcella Nunez-Smith of the Yale School of Medicine said, "They are protesting against police brutality and excessive force, no question, but they're also protesting for the ability to live their lives fully and completely, and to not have their lives cut short, either by force or preventable diseases."[17]

Experts thought that the George Floyd protests would cause more people to catch COVID-19. In the United States, however, that did not happen. Scientists said this could have been because the number of cases in large cities like New York was already going down, because the protests took place outside, because the protesters mostly wore masks, or because the protesters usually kept moving by walking or marching. Other experts said that because most of the protesters were young, healthy adults, perhaps they did catch COVID-19 and had not noticed.[18]

Protests

There were sister protests in all 50 of the United States and in the capital, Washington, D.C.[19][20][21][22] Some of the protests were peaceful and others had violence and looting. The National Guard moved out into more than 25 of the 50 states.[19][23]

Many early protests were peaceful while some later turned violent.[24] In some places, police remained calm, and in others they used force, tear gas, and rubber bullets. In Washington, D.C. one man let more than 50 protesters come into his house so they could escape from the police who were chasing them.[25] Two weeks into the protests, 9300 people had been arrested in the United States, including 1500 in New York and 2700 in Los Angeles.[19]

In Newark, New Jersey, 12,000 people protested over the weekend of May 31. No one damaged any stores and no one was arrested. The Newark Community Street Team, formed in 2014, worked to prevent violence. Newark city leaders said that the young black Americans among the protesters were the reason the protest stayed peaceful. Camden, New Jersey and Flint, Michigan also had peaceful protests.[26]

Protesters outside the White House, the building in Washington, D.C. where the president lives, called for Trump to resign.[27][23] Some threw bottles. The United States Secret Service took Trump to a bunker in the White House.[28] On Monday, June 1, the Secret Service used tear gas on peaceful protesters outside the White House so Trump could walk to St. John's Church and have his picture taken with a Bible.[29]

On the weekend of June 6-7, protests in the United States were even bigger but mostly peaceful, according to The New York Times, and the protesters were more unified in what they wanted: police reform. There were tens of thousands of protesters in large cities like New York and Seattle and also protests in smaller towns like Marion, Ohio and Vidor, Texas. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced on Sunday morning that New York City was stopping its 8:00 p.m. curfew.[30]

The activist group Black Lives Matter sued the police department of Seattle, Washington on Tuesday June 9. That evening, protesters took over Seattle's city hall for about one hour. The protesters left city hall on their own (no one pushed them out).[12] Protesters took over part of downtown Seattle, calling it the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone.[31] At some point in June, there were four shootings in the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone. On July 1, city officials sent the police to clear the protesters out. They arrested 13 people.[32]

The Georgia NAACP planned a March on Georgia for June 15. Thousands of people marched to the Georgia state capitol building to stop police brutality. The marchers also said they were marching because Georgia had made it harder for black people to vote by closing so many voting places that the ones that were left had very long lines, because they think Georgia's citizens' arrest laws are unfair, and because of the killings of Rayshard Brooks, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery.[33]

In New York City, a group called Street Riders NYC organized bicycle riders to ride through the city chanting "Whose streets? Our streets!" "Say his name: George Floyd," and other slogans. Bicycle protests could have thousands of people, often riding through parts of the city where protesters do not usually go. One of Street Riders NYC's founders, Peter Kerre, told the New York Times, "We went deep, deep into the hood, places where these folks have never seen a march come through, and suddenly they're seeing 6,000 bikes. The reaction was just priceless, folks crying out with gratitude, coming out to say 'Thank you.'"[34]

In late June, protesters came to City Hall Park in New York City and built a camp there with a welcome desk, library, tea hut, and kitchens. They were led by the group Vocal-NY. They demanded that the city remove US$1 billion from the city's police department's $6 billion budget and spend it on education and other things. New York City decides on its yearly budget on July 1.[35]

Journalists

As of June 4, journalists covering the protests were attacked more than 300 times, 192 of them by the police, including 69 physical attacks. 49 journalists were arrested.[36][14]

On the morning of May 28, white Minneapolis police officers arrested Omar Jimenez, a reporter for CNN, and his crew while they were filming the protests. Jiminez is black. He told the officers that he and his crew were journalists and offered to move further away, but the officers arrested them anyway. They were released later that day. Walz apologized to CNN, and said publicly that Jiminez and his crew had only been doing their jobs and acting within their rights. A white CNN reporter who had been working a block away from Jiminez noted that he had not been bothered by the police, only asked who he was.[37]

In Minneapolis several people were injured. In Washington, D.C., Amelia Brace and Tim Myers of 7News Australia were with the protesters who were pushed away so Donald Trump could walk to St. John's Church.[36][14]

Sometimes protesters attacked journalists. In Washington D.C., protesters threw things at journalists from Fox News. In Atlanta, someone attacked CNN headquarters.[14]

Suzanne Nossel of the human rights group PEN America blamed President Trump, who has said bad things about journalists since before he was elected. Human rights lawyer Tendai Biti said it reminded him of dictatorships in Africa.[14]

Violence

According to a report written by the U.S. Crisis Monitor, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), and the Bridging Divides Initiative of Princeton University, almost 95% of the protests were peaceful. They studied 10,600 protests between late May and late August and found that 10,100 had no violence. Only 570 protests had any violent acts. In cities where some protests were violent, it tended to happen in one or a few places and not through the whole city. Out of all protests connected to Black Lives Matter, 93% had no violence.[8][7]

International protests

There were also protests outside the United States, in London, Toronto, Beijing, Berlin, Addis Ababa, and other places. Some of these international protesters said they wanted to support George Floyd but also bring attention to the racist actions by police in their own countries.[38] In Toronto, protesters remembered the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet, a black woman who fell out of her balcony when the police were in her apartment. Londoners protested outside the Grenfell Tower where many blacks and Arabs died in a fire. Parisians remembered Adama Traoré, who died after being arrested by French police. Australians planned protests remembering David Dungay, an Australian Aboriginal man who died after being arrested. Dungay also said "I can't breathe," twelve times.[21] Some protesters have told their own leaders that they want new laws against racism.[21]

Impostors

At least one white supremacist group, Identity Evropa, pretended to be on the protesters' side on Twitter. They said they were part of antifa and told protesters to loot white neighborhoods. They were caught, and Twitter took their posts down for breaking their rules about violence, spam, and fake accounts.[39][40]

Car collisions

As of the first week of July, drivers drove cars into groups of protesters 66 different times in the United States alone. Seven of the drivers were police. At least two people died. 24 drivers have been charged with crimes.[41]

Arrests by federal agents

In mid-July in Portland, Oregon, federal agents began arresting protesters by pulling them into vehicles that did not have police markings on them. They did not tell the protesters exactly why they were being arrested. Some protesters were later charged with crimes and others were released.

These agents were from the federal government. Some of them were from Special Operations Group and Customs and Border Protection’s BORTAC.[42] Legally, federal agents are only allowed to arrest people on suspicion of federal crimes.[43] Officially, they are only supposed to protect property that belongs to the U.S. federal government, but they arrested people who were not near federal property. They did not ask the State of Oregon or the City of Portland for permission to arrest people in Portland. The mayor of Portland, Ted Wheeler, said he did not want the federal agents in the city. Governor of Oregon Kate Brown said it was "political theater from President Trump has nothing to do with public safety" and "a blatant abuse of power by the federal government."[44]

On July 18, Navy Seabee veteran Christopher David heard about the arrests and went to downtown Portland to talk to the agents. Federal agents take an oath to defend the United States Constitution. David wanted to ask the agents how they could wrongly arrest people and defend the Constitution. Instead of answering him, they sprayed him with pepper spray and hit him with batons. They broke his leg. The event was caught on video.[45]

On the night of July 22-23, protesters in Portland came to a federal building and threw fireworks over the fence. Federal agents used tear gas on the crowd. They also tear-gassed Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler, who had come out to talk to the protesters.[46]

Other events

In Brooklyn, New York, video showed an officer pushing a seventy-year-old man. The man fell down and bled from his head. The officer, Vincent D'Andraia, had also hurt other protesters. He was suspended and charged with assault. D'Andraia was the first New York City police officer charged with a crime because of things he did during the George Floyd protests.[47]

In Seattle, Washington, 31 year old Nikolas Fernandez drove his car into a group of protesters and shot a man. He said he was afraid for his life because the protesters tried to grab him through his window.[48] Firefighters took the injured man to the hospital.[49]

In Richmond, Virginia on Sunday, June 7, 36 year old Harry H. Rogers drove his car into a group of protesters. Rogers is a member of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. Authorities charged Rogers with attempted malicious wounding, felony vandalism, and assault and battery and the prosecutor said she would consider charging him with a hate crime.[50]

In Chicago, Illinois on Monday, August 10, people broke windows and stole things in the Magnificent Mile, which is Chicago's main shopping area. Many people were injured. More than 100 people were arrested. The city raised the bridges leading to the Magnificent Mile and stopped public transit so no one else could go in. Mayor of Chicago Lori Lightfoot said that Chicago did not need Federal agents.[51]

Donations

People donated money to black-led political groups, especially bail funds. Bail funds provide money to help people who have been arrested get out of jail before their trials. The National Bail Fund Network got $75 million in two weeks. The Minnesota Freedom Fund got $20 million in four days. The Bail Project got more than $15 million. There was so much that some groups could not count it all. Black Lives Matter got $5 million from one petition alone. Some groups received so much money that they did not need more and told donors to go to other groups.[52]

Deaths

As of June 9, 2020, nineteen people had died because of the protests:

Public opinion

According to Pew Research, two thirds of American adults thought the protests were good: 60% of non-Hispanic white adults, 86% of non-Hispanic black adults, 75% of non-Hispanic Asian adults and 77% of Hispanic adults.[65]

Some said the Floyd protests showed America was losing its place as a leader of other countries. French journalist Pierre Haski said on June 1, "Beijing could not have hoped for a better gift. The country that designates China as the culprit of all evils is making headlines around the world with the urban riots."[21]

Government response

Reaction from Tim Walz

Governor of Minnesota Tim Walz wanted change: "It is time to rebuild. Rebuild the city, rebuild our justice system, and rebuild the relationship between law enforcement and those they're charged to protect. George Floyd's death should lead to justice and systemic change, not more death and destruction."[22]

On June 2, 2020, Governor Walz said the Minnesota Department of Human Rights would investigate the Minneapolis Police Department. Governor Walz said, "The investigation will review MPD's policies, procedures and practices over the last 10 years to determine if the department has utilized systemic discriminatory practices towards people of color."[66]

Human Rights Commissioner Rebecca Lucero said the Department could have the results of its report in "several months."[66]

Reaction from Donald Trump

President Donald Trump spoke about his sympathy for George Floyd and his family, but also called the protesters "thugs" and said "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Twitter hid the post because it broke their rules about presenting violence as good.[22] Trump blamed the protests on "weak" Democratic mayors and governors and on the anti-fascist movement antifa, saying he would declare it a terrorist organization.[28]

Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina, a black Republican, called Trump's tweets "not constructive."[28]

On June 1, Trump told the cities and states with protests that they must stop the trouble or else he would send the military to do it. The law that allows Trump to do this, the Insurrection Act of 1807, was last used in 1992 for the Rodney King riots in Los Angeles.[67]

Also on June 1, just before 7:00 p.m., when people had been ordered to stay off the street, police and Secret Service fired flash-bangs and tear gas at protesters near the White House. They did this to make the protesters leave St. John's Church. Then President Trump walked to St. John's Church, held up a Bible, and had his picture taken. Bishop Mariann E. Budde, the Episcopal religious leader for Washington D.C., said Trump did not say any prayers or talk about George Floyd.[68] The next day, several Democrats and two Republicans said Trump was wrong to do this. Nebraska Senator Ben Sasse, a Republican, said. "But there is a fundamental — a constitutional — right to protest, and I'm against clearing out a peaceful protest for a photo op that treats the word of God as a political prop."[69]

Reaction from the city of Minneapolis

Officials from the Minneapolis announced on June 5 that the police were no longer allowed to use chokeholds on people. [70] On June 7, the city council voted to take apart the police department and replace it with something else.[71]

Reaction from the state of Minnesota

The Minnesota state legislature tried to write a new law that would redesign all police departments in Minnesota. In 2020, Minnesota's state legislature is the only one in the United States in which one political party controls one house and the other party controls the other. The United States Democratic Party has the majority of people in the Minnesota House of Representatives and the United States Republican Party has the majority of people in the Minnesota State Senate. The Democrats wanted large changes to policing and the criminal justice system in Minnesota, like letting the state attorney general investigate police killings and restoring voting rights to felons. The Republicans wanted small changes, like making a rule against using chokeholds like the one Chauvin used to kill George Floyd. Democrats said they did not like the Republican plan because it was mostly things that police departments had already tried. At midnight on Friday June 19, the Minnesota state legislature ran out of time. Their session ended, and neither plan became law.[72]

Other reactions

Many American cities and states removed statues of Confederate soldiers and officers during the George Floyd protests. Sometimes the protesters pulled the statues down and sometimes the city councils decided to remove them.[73] On June 5, the United States Marine Corps announced they would not allow Confederate flags at their bases.[74][75] The Confederates were the pro-slavery side of the American Civil War in the 1800s. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Confederate statues and flags support white supremacy.[75] Protesters also damaged or pulled down statues of Christopher Columbus[73] in at least seven cities, including Miami, Boston, Baltimore, Maryland, Richmond, Virginia and Columbus, Ohio. [76]

Universities renamed buildings. Columbia University's medical school was founded by Samuel Bard, a doctor who knew George Washington. He also owned slaves. In 1931, Columbia named a dormitory building, Bard Hall, after him. Columbia's Teacher's College took the name Edward L. Thorndike off a building. Thorndike had hated Jews and supported sexism and eugenics.[77] Princeton University renamed Wilson College because the man it was named after, President Woodrow Wilson, had racist policies.[78]

In June, the United States Senate ordered the military to change the names of all military bases named after Confederates, such as Fort Bragg. They have three years to pick new names.[79]

In Bristol, England on the 7th of June, a crowd pushed down a statue of slave trader Edward Colston and threw it in the harbor.[80] On July 15, people put up a statue of Jen Ried, a Black Lives Matter protester. The next day, the government of the city took the statue down because no one had asked for permission to put it up. The city officials took the statue to a museum. The statue is called "A Surge of Power (Jen Reid)" and was made by Marc Quinn.[81]

George Floyd Protests Media

Notes

  1. ↑ This means to put in danger

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Owermohle, Sarah (June 1, 2020). "Surgeon general: 'You understand the anger'". Politico. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  2. ↑ McEvoy, Jemima (June 8, 2020). "14 Days Of Protests, 19 Dead". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  3. ↑ Olson, Emily (June 27, 2020). Antifa, Boogaloo boys, white nationalists: Which extremists showed up to the US Black Lives Matter protests?. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-28/antifa-boogaloo-extremists-at-us-floyd-protests/12388260. Retrieved June 30, 2020. 
  4. ↑ AP (May 28, 2020). "Violent protests rock Minneapolis for 2nd straight night over in-custody death". ABC7 Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  5. ↑ Jimenez, Omar; Chavez, Nicole; Hanna, Jason (May 28, 2020). "As heated protests over George Floyd's death continue, Minnesota governor warns of 'extremely dangerous situation'". CNN.
  6. ↑ DeMarche, Edmund (May 28, 2020). "Deadly shooting near George Floyd protest as looting, arson grip Minneapolis". Fox News. Some protesters skirmished with officers, who fired rubber bullets and tear gas in a repeat of Tuesday night's confrontation.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Demonstrations & Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020". Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project. 3 September 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Leila Fadel (October 7, 2020). Overwhelming Majority Of Racial Justice Protests Are Peaceful. NPR. https://apps.npr.org/liveblogs/20201007-debate/?utm_campaign=npr&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_term=nprnews&fbclid=IwAR29sKP94JTJvy4u13qsq8O1e-2OH2ARph7JMbMmzfZHNb9Z9O8Kh-nY_4A#overwhelming-majority-of-racial-justice-92. Retrieved October 9, 2020. 
  9. ↑ Sullivan, Tim; Forliti, Amy (May 28, 2020). "George Floyd death: Protesters enter Minneapolis police station, set fires". ABC7 Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  10. ↑ Wilkinson, Joseph (May 29, 2020). "Angry crowds set fire to Minneapolis police station as George Floyd protest turns violent". New York Daily News.
  11. ↑ Romm, Tony; Chiu, Allyson (May 29, 2020). Twitter flags Trump for 'glorifying violence' after he says Minneapolis looting will lead to 'shooting'. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/29/trump-minneapolis-twitter-protest/. Retrieved May 29, 2020. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jack Brewster (June 10, 2020). "Seattle Protesters Take Over City Hall, Demand Mayor's Resignation". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/06/10/seattle-protesters-take-over-city-hall-demand-mayors-resignation/#6569abc73caf. Retrieved June 11, 2020. 
  13. ↑ Jose A. Del Real; Robert Samuels; Tim Craig (June 9, 2020). How the Black Lives Matter movement went mainstream. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-went-mainstream/2020/06/09/201bd6e6-a9c6-11ea-9063-e69bd6520940_story.html. Retrieved June 11, 2020. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 David Smith (June 8, 2020). 'Denigrated and discredited': how American journalists became targets during protests. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/08/us-journalists-media-protests-donald-trump. Retrieved June 8, 2020. 
  15. ↑ Michelle Goldberg (May 29, 2020). "America Is a Tinderbox". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/opinion/george-floyd-protests-minneapolis.html. Retrieved May 31, 2020. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ray Sanchez (May 30, 2020). As a pandemic and protests over George Floyd's death collide, officials stress: Wear a mask. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/30/us/george-floyd-protests-coronavirus-masks/index.html. Retrieved May 31, 2020. 
  17. ↑ David Robinson; David McKay Wilson; Nancy Cutler; Ashley Biviano; Matt Steecker (June 6, 2020). Why George Floyd's death, COVID-19 inequality sparked protests: 'We're witnessing history'. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/06/george-floyd-death-covid-19-racial-inequality-sparked-protests/3156595001/. Retrieved June 9, 2020. 
  18. ↑ Joseph Goldstein (July 1, 2020). "Did Floyd Protests Lead to a Virus Surge? Here's What We Know". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/nyregion/nyc-coronavirus-protests.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 1, 2020. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Emily Sakzewski (June 5, 2020). Five key numbers from the US protests against police brutality since George Floyd's death. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/us-protest-map-arrests-deaths-curfews-since-george-floyd-death/12319512. Retrieved June 6, 2020. 
  20. ↑ KatieWarren; Joey Hadden (June 4, 2020). How all 50 states are responding to the George Floyd protests, from imposing curfews to calling in the National Guard. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/us-states-response-george-floyd-protests-curfews-national-guard-2020-6. Retrieved June 6, 2020. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Javier C. Hernández; Benjamin Mueller (June 1, 2020). "Global Anger Grows Over George Floyd's Death in Minneapolis". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/world/asia/george-floyd-protest-global.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 1, 2020. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Chris McGreal; Peter Beaumont; Maanvi Singh; Mario Koran (May 29, 2020). George Floyd killing: fires erupt in Minneapolis as US rocked by third night of protests. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/28/george-floyd-minnesota-governor-national-guard-protests. Retrieved May 29, 2020. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Live Updates on George Floyd Protests: Overnight Mayhem Follows Peaceful Rallies". New York Times. June 1, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/us/george-floyd-protests-live-updates.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 1, 2020. 
  24. ↑ Kristina Bravo; Erin Myers; Marissa Wenzke. More than 500 arrested in chaotic night of protests in downtown L.A. over killing of George Floyd. KTLA. https://ktla.com/news/local-news/3rd-night-of-downtown-l-a-protests-over-george-floyds-death-ends-with-officers-hurt-declaration-of-unlawful-assembly/. Retrieved May 31, 2020. 
  25. ↑ James Glendey (June 3, 2020). Washington man Rahul Dubey offers refuge and comfort to protesters caught in 'human tsunami' amid police crackdown. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-03/us-protesters-find-refuge-and-comfort-amid-human-tsunami-in-dc/12314344. Retrieved June 6, 2020. 
  26. ↑ Tracey Tully; Keving Armstrong (June 1, 2020). How a City Once Consumed by Civil Unrest Has Kept Protests Peaceful. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/nyregion/newark-peaceful-protests-george-floyd.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 1, 2020. 
  27. ↑ Jeffrey Martin (May 29, 2020). White House Locked Down as Police Scuffle With Protesters Demanding Trump Resignation. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/white-house-lockdown-due-george-floyd-protests-outside-gates-1507533?fbclid=IwAR1tmbbaF_QiyH2w2Rx3yr26vxoQob-qTkUadMv_AO5WFUZ9F5MrNgZU8G0. Retrieved May 31, 2020. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Peter Baker; Maggie Haberman (June 1, 2020). "As Protests and Violence Spill Over, Trump Shrinks Back". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/politics/trump-protests-george-floyd.html. Retrieved June 1, 2020. 
  29. ↑ Betsy Morais; Alexandria Neason; Carlos Gonzalez (June 3, 2020). The Story Has Gotten Away from Us: Six months of life and death in America. Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/special_report/covid-floyd-protests.php?utm_source=pocket-newtab. Retrieved June 7, 2020. 
  30. ↑ "U.S. protests coalesce into a unified push for sweeping reforms.". New York Times. June 7, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/us/george-floyd-protests.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 7, 2020. 
  31. ↑ Dan Simon; Elle Reeve; Hollie Silverman (June 15, 2020). Protesters have occupied part of Seattle's Capitol Hill for a week. Here's what it's like inside. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/15/us/seattle-capitol-hill-autonomous-zone-monday/index.html. Retrieved June 16, 2020. 
  32. ↑ Rachel Abrams; Sarah Mervosh (July 1, 2020). "Police Are Clearing Seattle's Protest 'Autonomous Zone'". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/us/seattle-protest-zone-CHOP-CHAZ-unrest.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 1, 2020. 
  33. ↑ Brakkton Booker (June 15, 2020). Hundreds March On Georgia Capitol As Legislature Reconvenes. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/15/877406510/hundreds-march-on-georgia-capitol-as-legislature-reconvenes?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_term=nprnews&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&fbclid=IwAR2JJSu746ZNvkrmABTfBOLN8o0etSo-_sakSrnxC_l5GNxWBh8iClwLonk. Retrieved June 16, 2020. 
  34. ↑ Troy Closson; Sean Piccoli (July 2, 2020). "Thousands Join N.Y.C. Bike Protests: 'It's Like Riding in the Cavalry'". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/02/nyregion/Floyd-bike-protests-new-york.html?action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 2, 2020. 
  35. ↑ Juliana Kim (June 28, 2020). "How the Floyd Protests Turned Into a 24-Hour 'Occupy City Hall' in N.Y.". New York Times. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (June 4, 2020). "U.S. Press Freedom Tracker". Twitter. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  37. ↑ staff (May 29, 2020). Black CNN reporter arrested on air at protests over George Floyd killing. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/29/black-cnn-reporter-arrested-on-air-minneapolis-protests-george-floyd-killing. Retrieved May 20, 2020. 
  38. ↑ Protesters gather worldwide to show solidarity with George Floyd. France 24. May 31, 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200531-protesters-gather-internationally-to-show-solidarity-with-george-floyd. Retrieved May 31, 2020. 
  39. ↑ Aaron Holmes (June 2, 2020). An 'ANTIFA' Twitter account that called for looting 'white hoods' was actually run by white nationalist group Identity Evropa. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/white-nationalist-identity-evropa-twitter-antifa-looting-2020-6?fbclid=IwAR2r4WZmQMPU7DVG0Uw18hOuGflwzGKg5HcE-d0KZ-BEisTIgon2Sd-35Qg. Retrieved June 3, 2020. 
  40. ↑ Ben Collins; Brandy Zadrozny; Emmanuelle Saliba (June 1, 2020). White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter. NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/twitter-takes-down-washington-protest-disinformation-bot-behavior-n1221456?fbclid=IwAR3uRYrVJP6xS5R3miTpGmmiyxlN2sXSFJFRJKWPqF_yHPsujypTAWNATqM. Retrieved June 3, 2020. 
  41. ↑ Neil MacFarquhar (July 7, 2020). "Drivers Are Hitting Protesters as Memes of Car Attacks Spread". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/07/us/bloomington-car-attack-protesters.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 8, 2020. 
  42. ↑ Jonathan Levinson; Conrad Wilson (July 17, 2020). Federal Law Enforcement Use Unmarked Vehicles To Grab Protesters Off Portland Streets. Oregon Public Broadcasting. https://www.opb.org/news/article/federal-law-enforcement-unmarked-vehicles-portland-protesters/. Retrieved July 18, 2020. 
  43. ↑ Sergio Olmos; Mike Baker; Zolan Kanno-Youngs (July 17, 2020). "Federal Agents Unleash Militarized Crackdown on Portland". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/portland-protests.html. Retrieved July 18, 2020. 
  44. ↑ Dan Mangan (July 17, 2020). Oregon outrage: Elected officials blast federal authorities for grabbing protesters off the streets in Portland. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/17/george-floyd-federal-authorities-grab-portland-protesters.html?fbclid=IwAR3CxrYaPcSMOMqK4I7N5qLY_SQORHp2aVf00APDZ8uoqC_9j3EUI7KWKmg. Retrieved July 18, 2020. 
  45. ↑ John Ismay (July 20, 2020). "A Navy Veteran Had a Question for the Feds in Portland. They Beat Him in Response.". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/20/us/portland-protests-navy-christopher-david.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 21, 2020. 
  46. ↑ Mike Baker (July 23, 2020). "Federal Officers Hit Portland Mayor With Tear Gas". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/23/us/portland-protest-tear-gas-mayor.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 23, 2020. 
  47. ↑ Ashley Southall (June 9, 2020). "Officer Who Violently Shoved Protester in Brooklyn to Face Charges". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/nyregion/nypd-officer-vincent-dandraia-arrest.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 9, 2020. 
  48. ↑ Sara Jean Green (June 8, 2020). Man accused of driving into Seattle protesters and shooting a man held on investigation of assault. Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/crime/gunman-accused-of-driving-into-george-floyd-protesters-and-shooting-a-man-held-on-investigation-of-assault/. Retrieved June 9, 2020. 
  49. ↑ Man drives car into Seattle protest crowd and shoots demonstrator. Guardian. June 8, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/08/seattle-protest-car-crowd-shoots-demonstrator. Retrieved June 9, 2020. 
  50. ↑ Jemima McEvoy (June 8, 2020). "Man Who Plowed Car Into Virginia Protestors Is A Ku Klux Klan Leader". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/06/08/man-who-plowed-car-into-virginia-protestors-is-a-klu-klux-klan-leader/?fbclid=IwAR3uRYszwrqQRqhUUzO2_pCbJS3nkKd1BYKWbqnfn-a1XalhV_8HW7i1KYE#250f69c6384c. Retrieved June 10, 2020. 
  51. ↑ Julie Bosman; Christine Hauser; Johnny Diaz (August 10, 2020). Chicago Police Arrest More Than 100 People After Looting Batters Downtown. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/us/shooting-chicago-looting.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved August 10, 2020. 
  52. ↑ Shane Goldmacher (June 14, 2020). "Racial Justice Groups Flooded With Millions in Donations in Wake of Floyd Death". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/14/us/politics/black-lives-matter-racism-donations.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 14, 2020. 
  53. ↑ "Man shot dead outside Lake Street pawnshop during unrest is identified". Star Tribune.
  54. ↑ Jennifer Henderson; Madeline Holcombe (30 May 2020). "Man fatally shot during protests in Detroit". CNN.
  55. ↑ Whiting, Sam (June 1, 2020). "Federal Protective Service Officer Fatally Shot in Oakland Identified". www.officer.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  56. ↑ Debolt, David (June 1, 2020). "Federal Protection Services officer killed in Oakland drive-by shooting identified". The Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/05/31/federal-protection-services-officer-killed-in-oakland-drive-by-shooting-identified/. Retrieved June 1, 2020. 
  57. ↑ Sanders, Nicole (May 31, 2020). "Man dragged by FedEx truck dies during night of George Floyd protests in St. Louis". The Mercury News.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Meadows, Danielle (May 31, 2020). "Omaha Police investigate Saturday night shooting death of protester". 3 News Now KMTV. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  59. ↑ "1 Dead, at Least 5 Wounded in Shootings in Downtown Chicago Saturday Night". NBC Chicago.
  60. ↑ Fedschun, Travis (May 31, 2020). "Indianapolis riots leave 2 dead after 'multiple shootings' reported downtown, buildings damaged". Fox News.
  61. ↑ Burnside, Tina; Henderson, Jennifer (June 1, 2020). "Man dead in Kentucky after authorities fired at crowd as they cleared parking lot". CNN. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  62. ↑ "One dead in Louisville after police and National Guard 'return fire' on crowd". NBC News. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  63. ↑ Joens, Philip. "2 people dead after rioting in Davenport; police officer shot after being 'ambushed'". Des Moines Register.
  64. ↑ "Killed during looting:’ St. Louis police mourn loss of Capt. David Dorn in overnight violence". KMBC News. 2 June 2020. https://www.kmbc.com/article/police-retired-st-louis-missouri-police-retired-captain-david-dorn-killed-amid-unrest/32745767. 
  65. ↑ Kim Parker; Juliana Menasce Horowitz; Monica Anderson (June 12, 2020). Amid Protests, Majorities Across Racial and Ethnic Groups Express Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement. Pew Research. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/. Retrieved June 15, 2020. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 David K. Li (June 2, 2020). State of Minnesota files civil rights charge against Minneapolis Police Department. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/state-minnesota-files-civil-rights-charge-against-minneapolis-police-department-n1222476?fbclid=IwAR1dvr39ehesZgE9wTmtOagAymRnEbyqeIUzWlxIemoTYVL9G6oDth0bjW8. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 
  67. ↑ Domenico Montenaro (June 1, 2020). What Is The Insurrection Act That Trump Is Threatening To Invoke?. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/867467714/what-is-the-insurrection-act-that-trump-is-threatening-to-invoke. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 
  68. ↑ Katie Rogers (June 1, 2020). "Protesters Dispersed With Tear Gas So Trump Could Pose at Church". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/us/politics/trump-st-johns-church-bible.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 
  69. ↑ Catie Edmondson (June 2, 2020). "Trump's Response to Protests Draws Bipartisan Rebuke in Congress". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/trump-congress-protesters-tear-gas.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 
  70. ↑ "Live Updates on George Floyd Protests: Minneapolis to Ban Use of Chokeholds by Police". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/us/george-floyd-protests.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 3, 2020. 
  71. ↑ "Majority of the Minneapolis City Council pledges to dismantle the Police Department.". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/us/protests-today-george-floyd-video.html. Retrieved June 8, 2020. 
  72. ↑ Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs; Jack Healy (June 20, 2020). "Protesters Demanded Police Reform. Minnesota Lawmakers Left Without Passing a Bill.". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/20/us/minnesota-police-george-floyd.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 20, 2020. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Mark Katkov (June 11, 2020). Protesters Topple Jefferson Davis Statue In Richmond, Va.. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/11/874565394/protesters-topple-jefferson-davis-statue-in-richmond-va?utm_medium=social&utm_term=nprnews&utm_campaign=npr&utm_source=facebook.com&fbclid=IwAR1B9nTFFJhqp5xOIbQoYsX4sUDwDEJpAvHp9yWdpnjKdUHBkYCilEONyW8. Retrieved June 11, 2020. 
  74. ↑ United States Marine Corps (June 5, 2020). "REMOVAL OF PUBLIC DISPLAYS OF THE CONFEDERATE BATTLE FLAG". Twitter. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Jenny Gross (June 5, 2020). "U.S. Marine Corps Issues Ban on Confederate Battle Flags". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/us/marines-confederate-flag-ban.html?action=click&module=Latest&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved June 7, 2020. 
  76. ↑ Rachel Treisman (July 5, 2020). Baltimore Protesters Topple Columbus Statue. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/07/05/887423624/baltimore-protesters-topple-columbus-statue?utm_term=nprnews&utm_campaign=npr&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&fbclid=IwAR0zQmkcSiRLNthZbk0amG268w9Hepkjva7RyUdmzeAp6xCm3idyVlUoFgQ. Retrieved July 5, 2020. 
  77. ↑ Amanda Rosa (September 2, 2020). "After 90 Years, Columbia Takes Slave Owner's Name Off a Dorm". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/29/nyregion/columbia-university-slavery-samuel-bard.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur&fbclid=IwAR2QR3_48ShSCB2gmjGCOOdrPaWA7J8N3tKfHYElFf1i-7eoCgJ8eDFyAW0. Retrieved September 2, 2020. 
  78. ↑ Brett Tomlinson; Carlett Spike. Princeton Renames Wilson School and Residential College, Citing Former President's Racism. Princeton Alumni Weekly. https://paw.princeton.edu/article/princeton-renames-wilson-school-and-residential-college-citing-former-presidents-racism. Retrieved September 2, 2020. 
  79. ↑ Catie Edmondson (June 13, 2020). "Defying Trump, Senate Panel Moves to Strip Military Bases of Confederate Names". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/politics/senate-confederate-names-military-bases.html?action=click&algo=bandit-story&block=more_in_recirc&fellback=false&imp_id=320295413&impression_id=246491282&index=2&pgtype=Article&region=footer. Retrieved June 14, 2020. 
  80. ↑ Toppled statue of English slave trader to be moved to a museum. Reuters. June 10, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-minneapolis-police-protests-britain-s/toppled-statue-of-english-slave-trader-to-be-moved-to-a-museum-idUSKBN23H23K. Retrieved June 10, 2020. 
  81. ↑ Mark Landler (July 16, 2020). "Bristol Removes Statue of Black Protester After Just One Day". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/world/europe/bristol-statue-removed.html?action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage. Retrieved July 16, 2020. 
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