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Hermann Göring

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Hermann Wilhelm Göring (12 January 1893 in Rosenheim, Upper Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany – 15 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was a war criminal, German politician and military leader of Germany. As second in command after Hitler, he was one of the most powerful leaders of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).[4] Between 1932 and 1945, he was President of the German Reichstag and also a minister of the Third Reich, under Adolf Hitler. In the Second World War, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the German air force.[4] Göring was responsible for the creation of the concentration camps and the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police, which he handed over to SS chief Heinrich Himmler. In 1941, he gave Reinhard Heydrich the order to arrange the Final Solution to kill millions of Jews.[5]

Reichsmarschall

Hermann Göring
Goeringcaptivity2.jpg
Göring
16th President of the Reichstag
In office
30 August 1932 – 23 April 1945
President
Chancellor
Preceded byPaul Löbe
Succeeded by
Minister President of Prussia
In office
10 April 1933 – 23 April 1945
Governor
Preceded byFranz von Papen
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Reichsstatthalter of Prussia
Acting
In office
25 April 1933[1] – 23 April 1945
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byAdolf Hitler
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe
In office
1 March 1935 – 24 April 1945
FührerAdolf Hitler
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byRobert Ritter von Greim
Additional positions
Reichsminister of Forestry
In office
July 1934 – 23 April 1945
President
ChancellorAdolf Hitler
Reich Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan[2]
In office
18 October 1936[2] – 23 April 1945
LeaderAdolf Hitler as Führer
Reichsminister of Economics
In office
26 November 1937 – 15 January 1938
ChancellorAdolf Hitler
Preceded byHjalmar Schacht
Succeeded byWalther Funk
Chairman of the Ministerial Council for Reich Defense[3]
In office
30 August 1939[3] – 23 April 1945
LeaderAdolf Hitler as Führer
Reichsminister of Aviation
In office
27 April 1933 – 23 April 1945
President
ChancellorAdolf Hitler
Oberste SA-Führer
In office
February 1923 – November 1923
Preceded byHans Ulrich Klintzsch
Succeeded byFranz Pfeffer von Salomon
Personal details
Born
Hermann Wilhelm Göring

(1893-01-12)12 January 1893
Rosenheim, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died15 October 1946(1946-10-15) (aged 53)
Nuremberg, Bavaria, Allied-occupied Germany
Cause of deathSuicide
Political partyNazi Party (NSDAP; 1922–1945)
Spouse(s)
ChildrenEdda Göring
Parents
RelativesAlbert Göring (brother)
ResidenceCarinhall
Occupation
  • Aviator
  • Politician
  • Art collector
CabinetHitler Cabinet
Signature
Military service
Allegiance
Branch/service
Years of service
  • 1912–1918
  • 1923–1945
Rank
CommandsJagdgeschwader 1
Battles/wars
Awards

Göring was one of the 25 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. The court decided he was guilty. The judgment on 1 October 1946 said that he was to be hanged, but he killed himself by swallowing a tablet of cyanide a few hours before he could be executed.[6]

Early life

 
Hermann Göring in 1907

Hermann Göring, son of Ernst Heinrich Göring and Franziska Göring (born Tiefenbrunn), was born in Rosenheim, Bavaria in 1893. Göring's father was a judge. The German chancellor Otto von Bismarck made Ernst Göring the first Reichskommissar (Governor-General) of South West Africa (today: Namibia), in 1885.

Hermann Göring had two brothers, Albert Göring and Karl Ernst Göring, and two sisters, Olga Therese Sophie Göring and Paula Elisabeth Rosa Göring.[7]

He spent the first three years of his life at the home of a friend of his mother, because Göring's father was in Namibia. From 1901, he lived at his godfather Hermann von Epenstein mansion. Hermann's mother had an affair (a romantic relationship with someone other than her husband) with von Epenstein.[8] He attended the grammar schools in Fürth and Ansbach. In the games he played as a child, the story was always about war.[9]

In 1905, he went to a military school in Karlsruhe. He got his Abitur, and an officer exam, in 1912. He then went to the Bavarian Prinz Wilhelm Regiment (112th Infantry) in Mulhouse.[10]

First World War

When the First World War started, Göring had the rank of Lieutenant. He had served in the infantry. In 1915, because of his rheumatism, he had to go to a hospital.[11] His friend, Bruno Loerzer, got him to join the air force. In France, he flew as an observer, a person who looked for targets and enemy planes. Because of this, he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class in 1915.[12] In 1916, he was trained to fly a plane. On 14 March 1916, he shot down his first bomber. In 1917, he became the leader of the 27th Flying Group.[12] In 1918, after he shot his 19th plane, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite (also called "The Blue Max"). This was the highest air force award in Germany.[11] After the death of Manfred von Richthofen, he became the leader of the flying group "The Red Baron".[12]

Weimar Republic

Between 1919 and 1921, Göring worked as a stunt pilot in Scandinavia. In November 1922, he met Adolf Hitler and later became a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).[12] Göring married Carin in Stockholm on 3 February 1923.[13] In 1923 he was leading the SA (Oberste SA-Führer), and he took part in the Beer Hall Putsch and was wounded. After this, he went to Austria. Because of pain, a doctor injected him with morphine but he became dependent on it.[14] Between 1925 and 1926, he had two treatments in Sweden at the Långbro mental hospital.[15] He came back to Germany in 1927.[16] In 1928, he became a member of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic.[17][unreliable source?] He was a member of the Reichstag until the end of the Second World War.[12] In 1932, the NSDAP became the most powerful party of the Reichstag. Göring then became president of the Reichstag.[18]

Göring during the Third Reich

 
Hermann Göring (left) and Adolf Hitler (right) in 1939
 
Detention report and mugshots of Hermann Göring

When Hitler became chancellor of the Weimar Germany in 1933, he made Göring a minister of the Reich without a specific area of responsibility. This means that he was not the head of a ministry. In April 1933, he was made minister president of Prussia. Then, on 30 August 1933, he was made a General by Paul von Hindenburg.[12] Between 1934 and 1935 he became minister of several agencies. His wife had died in 1931, and in 1935 he married Emmy Sonnemann in Berlin.[19] In 1936, he sent the German Condor Legion to Spain to help Francisco Franco. After the Kristallnacht in 1938, he was in charge of removing Jewish businessmen from the German economic system.[20] During Second World War, his biggest defeat was the loss of the air battle against Great Britain.[21] Hitler named Göring to be his successor if he died in 1939. [22]

In 1940, he was made Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Empire) by Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler.[23] In 1941, Göring ordered Heydrich to make a plan for the Holocaust.[24] In 1942, he gave Fritz Sauckel the order to use the Russian population for industry-work.[25] In 1943, Göring had an expensive birthday party for his 50th birthday.[12] On 20 April 1945, he left Hitler's birthday party and went to Berchtesgaden. He told Hitler that he had very important things to do in south Germany.[26] From Berchtesgaden, Göring sent a telegram to Hitler in Berlin. In the telegram Göring asked about taking over the affairs of state.[12] Towards the end of the war, after the telegram, he started to talk with the Allies. Because of this, Hitler wanted to put Göring in prison. Göring then went to the Americans.[27]

On 29 April 1945 Hitler removed Göring from all his offices, stripped him off his party membership and ordered his arrest. He wrote this down in his testament.[28]

After the war

Göring surrendered in Bavaria on 9 May 1945. The Nuremberg Trials started on 20 November 1945. [29] On 18 March 1946, Göring was questioned by the Allies.[30] After this, he was imprisoned in Nuremberg. He was the third-highest-ranking Nazi official tried at Nuremberg. Only Reich President (former Großadmiral) Karl Dönitz and former Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess had higher ranks than Göring. The judges decided he was guilty. Because of this on 1 October 1946 the court reached a verdict that he was to be hanged.[31] One day before he was to be hanged, he committed suicide by taking a tablet of cyanide. It is not known how Göring got the cyanide or how long he hid it but there was a claim that he was given it by an American soldier who was in love with a German woman who was in touch with him.[32][33] It is not known if this is the truth. He was infamous for his quote "Of course the people don't want war. But after all it's the leaders of the country who determine the policy, and it's always a simple matter to drag the people along whether it's a democracy, a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship."

Hermann Göring Media

References

  1. ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 284.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Evans 2005, p. 358.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression 1946, pp. 100–101.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Hermann Göring". Rokas Pukinskas. Archived from the original on 6 February 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  5. ↑ "Preparations for the Final Solution begin | July 31, 1941". HISTORY. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  6. ↑ "Hermann Göring". thirdreich.net. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  7. ↑ Erich Brandenburg (1995). Die Nachkommen Karls Des Grossen (in German). Neustadt/Aisch: Degener. ISBN 3768651029.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ↑ Arno Gruen (2002). Der Fremde in uns (in German). Munich: dtv. p. 164.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  9. ↑ Arno Gruen (2002). Der Fremde in uns (in German). Munich: dtv. p. 168.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ↑ Zentner, Christian. The Second World War. A lexicon (in German). Vienna. p. 212.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2011-01-01). Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 28, 29. ISBN 978-1-61608-109-6.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 "Görings biography in table form" (in German). Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ↑ "Biography of Carin Göring". findagrave.com. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  14. ↑ Mosley 1974, p. 102.
  15. ↑ Mosley 1974, p. 103.
  16. ↑ Mosley 1974, p. 105.
  17. ↑ "A biography of Hermann Göring". Jewish virtual Library. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  18. ↑ Mosley 1974, p. 143.
  19. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 200-202.
  20. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 219-220.
  21. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 257-260.
  22. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 239.
  23. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 255.
  24. ↑ "IMT – Hearing of Hermann Göring by Robert H. Jackson". Towiah Friedmann. Archived from the original on 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  25. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 288-289.
  26. ↑ Misch, Rochus (2008). Der letzte Zeuge (in German). Zurich and Munich. p. 195f.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  27. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 313-320.
  28. ↑ "NS-Archive – documents: Adolf Hitler: political testament 1945. p. 7" (in German). Adolf Hitler. Retrieved 2009-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  29. ↑ Harris 2006, p. 106.
  30. ↑ "Brockhaus". Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus AG. (2007). 
  31. ↑ Mosley 1974, pp. 348-349.
  32. ↑ "The soldier, his sweetheart and the suicide of Hermann Goering - Europe, World - The Independent". The Independent. 8 February 2005. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  33. ↑ "Guard 'gave Goering suicide pill'". BBC News. 8 February 2005. Retrieved 2009-03-20.

Bibliography

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