Latvia

Latvia (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a country in Northern Europe. The capital is Riga. It is one of the Baltic States, together with Estonia in the north and Lithuania in the south. Latvia's neighbours to the east are the countries Russia and Belarus. Latvia is split into four parts: Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale, and Latgale.

Republic of Latvia Latvijas Republika
Anthem:
Location of  Latvia  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Riga 56°57′N 24°6′E
Official languages	Latvian
Latvian, Russian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Polish, Romani
Ethnic groups (2011)	62.1% Latvians, 26.9% Russians, 3.4% Belarusians, 2.2% Ukrainians, 2.2% Poles, 1.2% Lithuanians, 2% others and unspecified
Demonym(s)	Latvian
Government	Parliamentary republic
• President	Edgars Rinkēvičs
• Prime Minister	Evika Siliņa
• Speaker of the Saeima	Edvards Smiltēns
Independence  from Germany and Russia
• Declared1	18 November 1918
• Recognized	26 January 1921
• Soviet occupation	5 August 1940
• Nazi German occupation	10 July 1941
• Soviet occupation	8 May 1945
• Announced	4 May 1990
• Restored	21 August 1991
Area
• Total	(124th)
• Water (%)	1.57% (1,014 km2)
Population
• 2011 estimate	2,229,641 (143rd)
• 2000 census	2,377,383
• Density	(166th)
GDP (PPP)	2010 estimate
• Total	$32.513 billion
• Per capita	$14,460
GDP (nominal)	2010 estimate
• Total	$24.045 billion
• Per capita	$10,694
Gini (2003)	37.7 medium
HDI (2011)	0.805 very high · 43rd
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+371
ISO 3166 code	LV
Internet TLD	.lv
1 Latvia is de jure continuous with its declaration 18 November 1918.

People from Latvia are called Latvians. They speak the Latvian language, which is a little like the Lithuanian language, though not close enough to be understood. There are other peoples that live in Latvia, including the Germans and the Russians.

History

Latvia was settled by the Baltic tribes thousands of years ago. They mainly fished, hunted, and traded.

German traders and crusaders came to Latvia at the end of the 12th century. Latvians lost control of their homeland. Over the next 800 years, Germans, Danes, Swedes, Poles, and Russians all invaded Latvia. Latvia finally became independent in 1918.

Between the 13th and the 15th centuries, there was the Teutonic Order state occupied Latvian territory.

Before World War I, the aristocracy were mainly German.

During the Great Northern war from 1700 to 1721, modern-day Latvia became the part of the Russian empire. There were organized Courland and Livonia.

Latvian workers took part in the revolutionary struggle in 1905.

In 1940 Latvia became the Soviet republic was incorporated in Soviet Union. It was briefly under Nazi occupation during World War II in from 1941 to 1944.

After the war a lot of factories were opened. Latvia became one of the successful Soviet republics.

In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed and the independent Latvian republic was restored.

Politics

In Copenhagen on 13 December 2002, Latvia and nine other countries were invited to join the European Union. On 20 September 2003, Latvians held an election to vote on joining. Two thirds of Latvians voted to join, and on 1 May 2004, Latvia became a member of the EU.

Latvia has been a NATO member since 29 March 2004.

There are 43 local government units, set up in 2020. 36 are municipalities (Latvian: novadi) and 7 state cities. Before 2020 there were 110 municipalities and nine republic cities.

International rankings

Rankings

Name	Year	Place	Out of #	Reference
CIA World Factbook – GDP per capita (PPP)	2008	66th	229	[1] Archived 2013-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
CIA World Factbook – life expectancy	2008	120th	223	[2] Archived 2018-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
World Economic Forum – Enabling Trade Index ranking	2008	43rd	118	[3] Archived 2018-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
Yale University / Columbia University – Environmental Performance Index	2008	8th	149	[4]
The Economist Intelligence Unit – e-readiness	2008	37th	70	[5]
The Economist Intelligence Unit – Global Peace Index	2008	39th	140	[6] Archived 2009-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
United States Patent and Trademark Office's list of patents by country	2007	95th	172	[7]
Save the Children – Mother's Index Rank	2007	25th	141	[8] Archived 2010-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
Save the Children – Women's Index Rank	2007	21st	141	[9] Archived 2010-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
Save the Children – Children's Index Rank	2007	33rd	141	[10] Archived 2010-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
Wall Street Journal / The Heritage Foundation – Index of Economic Freedom	2007	39th	157	[11] Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
United Nations – Human Development Index	2008	44th	179	[12]
World Economic Forum – Global Competitiveness Report 2007–2008	2007	45th	131	[13]
World Economic Forum – The Global Gender Gap Report 2007	2007	13th	128	[14] Archived 2008-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
World Bank – Ease of Doing Business Index	2007–2008	29th	181	[15]
Reporters Without Borders – Worldwide Press Freedom Index	2007	12th	169	[16] Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
Transparency International – Corruption Perceptions Index	2007	49th	180	[17] Archived 2019-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
The Economist Intelligence Unit – Index of Democracy	2007	43rd	167	[18]
Privacy International – Privacy index (EU and 11 other selected countries)	2006	28th	36	[19] Archived 2012-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
New Economics Foundation – Happy Planet Index	2006	160th	178	[20] Archived 2009-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
The Economist Intelligence Unit – Quality-of-life index	2005	66th	111	[21]
Save the Children – % seats in the national government held by women	2004	23–25th	126	[22] Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
World Health Organization – suicide rates by country (both sexes)		8th	101	[23]
NationMaster's index of civil and political liberties		17th	140	[24]

Latvia Media

• National Anthem of Latvia "Dievs, svētī Latviju!"

• 

  Turaida Castle near Sigulda, built in 1214 under Albert of Riga

• 

  The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

• 

  The Swedish Empire (1560–1815).Riga became the capital of Swedish Livonia and the largest city in the Swedish Empire.

• 

  Latvians national rally in Dundaga in 1905

• 

  Jānis Čakste (1859–1927), the first president of Latvia

• 

  Red Army troops enter Riga (1940).

• 

  German soldiers enter Riga, July 1941.

• 

  Red Army soldiers in front of the Freedom Monument in Riga in 1944

• 

  Reconstruction of a Gulag shack in the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga

Related pages

• Latvia at the Olympics
• Latvia national football team
• List of rivers of Latvia

Other websites

• Latvian Government official site