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2016 United States presidential election

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The 2016 United States presidential election happened on November 8, 2016. Donald Trump, the Republican candidate who was a businessman, won the election. He defeated Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate, who was the former United States Secretary of State.[2]

2016 United States presidential election
← 2012 November 8, 2016 2020 →
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout55.7%[1] Increase 0.8 pp
  Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton
Party Republican Democratic
Home state New York New York
Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine
Electoral vote 304 227
States carried 30 + ME-02 20 + DC
Popular vote 62,984,828 65,853,514
Percentage 46.1% 48.2%
United States presidential election in California, 2016United States presidential election in Oregon, 2016United States presidential election in Washington (state), 2016United States presidential election in Idaho, 2016United States presidential election in Nevada, 2016United States presidential election in Utah, 2016United States presidential election in Arizona, 2016United States presidential election in Montana, 2016United States presidential election in Wyoming, 2016United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016United States presidential election in New Mexico, 2016United States presidential election in North Dakota, 2016United States presidential election in South Dakota, 2016United States presidential election in Nebraska, 2016United States presidential election in Kansas, 2016United States presidential election in Oklahoma, 2016United States presidential election in Texas, 2016United States presidential election in Minnesota, 2016United States presidential election in Iowa, 2016United States presidential election in Missouri, 2016United States presidential election in Arkansas, 2016United States presidential election in Louisiana, 2016United States presidential election in Wisconsin, 2016United States presidential election in Illinois, 2016United States presidential election in Michigan, 2016United States presidential election in Indiana, 2016United States presidential election in Ohio, 2016United States presidential election in Kentucky, 2016United States presidential election in Tennessee, 2016United States presidential election in Mississippi, 2016United States presidential election in Alabama, 2016United States presidential election in Georgia, 2016United States presidential election in Florida, 2016United States presidential election in South Carolina, 2016United States presidential election in North Carolina, 2016United States presidential election in Virginia, 2016United States presidential election in West Virginia, 2016United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, 2016United States presidential election in Maryland, 2016United States presidential election in Delaware, 2016United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 2016United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2016United States presidential election in New York, 2016United States presidential election in Connecticut, 2016United States presidential election in Rhode Island, 2016United States presidential election in Vermont, 2016United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 2016United States presidential election in Maine, 2016United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 2016United States presidential election in Hawaii, 2016United States presidential election in Alaska, 2016United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, 2016United States presidential election in Maryland, 2016United States presidential election in Delaware, 2016United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2016United States presidential election in Connecticut, 2016United States presidential election in Rhode Island, 2016United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 2016United States presidential election in Vermont, 2016United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 2016ElectoralCollege2016.svg
About this image
Presidential election results map. Red shows states won by Trump/Pence. Numbers show the number of electoral votes from each state. Blue shows states won by Clinton/Kaine.
President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Donald Trump
Republican

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2016 U.S. presidential election
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Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama was not allowed to serve a third term. Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was able to win the Democratic nomination. Trump became his party's front-runner against many candidates in the Republican primary, defeating Senator Ted Cruz, Senator Marco Rubio, and Ohio Governor John Kasich among other candidates. Many third-party candidates ran, such as Gary Johnson. Trump chose Governor of Indiana Mike Pence as his running mate, and Clinton chose Senator Tim Kaine as her running mate.

Trump received 304 electoral votes, 34 more votes than what was needed to win, while Clinton received 227.[3] Even though Clinton won the popular vote, the electoral votes decide the actual winner of the election. Trump took office on January 20, 2017.

Background

Article Two of the United States Constitution says that for a person to be elected and serve as President of the United States, they must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years.

Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf.

President Barack Obama was unable to seek re-election for a third term because of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states that a president may only serve up to two terms. His term as president ended at noon eastern standard time on January 20, 2017.[4][5]

Democratic Party

Main pages: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016, and Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016

Nominees

 
Democratic Party Ticket, 2016
Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine
for President for Vice President
 
 
67th
U.S. Secretary of State
(2009–2013) 		U.S. Senator from Virginia
(2013-present)
Campaign
 
[6][7][8]

Withdrawn candidates

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
Bernie Sanders Rocky De La Fuente Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb
 
120x120px
 
 
 
 
U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)
Entrepreneur
(1979–present)
61st
Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015)
Harvard Law Professor
(2009–2016)
74th
Governor of Rhode Island
(2011–2015)
U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2007–2013)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
LN: July 26, 2016
13,167,848 primary votes and 1,846 delegates
LN: July 26, 2016
67,457 primary votes
W: February 1, 2016
110,423 votes
W: November 2, 2015
4 write-in votes in New Hampshire
W: October 23, 2015
0 votes
W: October 20, 2015
2 write-in votes in New Hampshire
[9]
[10]
[11][12]
[13]
[14]

Republican Party

Main pages: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016, and Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
 
Republican Party Ticket, 2016
Donald Trump Mike Pence
for President for Vice President
 
 
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017) 		50th
Governor of Indiana
(2013-2017)
Campaign
 
[15][16][17]

Withdrawn candidates

  Wikinews has :
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from race
John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
69th
Governor of Ohio
(2011–present)
U.S. Senator
from Texas
(2013–present)
U.S. Senator
from Florida
(2011–present)
Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins Hospital
(1984–2013)
43rd
Governor of Florida
(1999–2007)
68th
Governor of Virginia
(1998–2002)
CEO of Hewlett-Packard
(1999–2005)
55th
Governor of New Jersey
(2010–present)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
W: May 4
W: May 3
W: Mar 15
W: Mar 4
W: Feb 20
W: Feb 12
W: Feb 10
W: Feb 10
[18]
[19][20][21]
[22][23][24]
[25][26][27]
[28][29]
[30]
[31][32]
[33][34]
Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Senator
from Kentucky
(2011–present)
U.S. Senator
from Pennsylvania
(1995–2007)
44th
Governor of Arkansas
(1996–2007)
53rd
Governor of New York
(1995–2006)
U.S. Senator
from South Carolina
(2003–present)
55th
Governor of Louisiana
(2008–2016)
45th
Governor of Wisconsin
(2011–present)
47th
Governor of Texas
(2000–2015)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
W: Feb 3
W: Feb 3
W: Feb 1
W: Dec 29, 2015
W: Dec 21, 2015
W: Nov 17, 2015
W: Sept 21, 2015
W: Sept 11, 2015
[35][36][37]
[38][39]
[40][41]
[42]
[43][44]
[45][46]
[47][48]
[49][50]

Major third parties

Libertarian Party

Further information: Libertarian Party (United States)
 
Ballot access for the Libertarian Party     On ballot

Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes[51]

Nominees

Libertarian Party Ticket, 2016
Gary Johnson William Weld
for President for Vice President
 
 
29th
Governor of New Mexico
(1995–2003) 		68th
Governor of Massachusetts
(1991-1997)
Campaign
 
[52][53]

Withdrawn candidates

Constitution Party

Further information: Constitution Party of the United States and Constitution Party presidential primaries, 2016

Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[63][64] –

 
     On ballot      Write-in      Not on ballot
  • As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia[63][65][66][67][68]
  • No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma

Nominees

Constitution Party ticket, 2016
Darrell Castle Scott Bradley
for President for Vice President
 
Attorney
from Memphis, Tennessee 		Businessman
from Utah
Campaign
 
[69]

Green Party

Further information: Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential primaries, 2016
 
Ballot access for the Green Party     On ballot     Not on ballot, write-in access     Not on ballot

Ballot access to 493(451) electoral votes:[70] Ballot access currently in process: North Dakota, Rhode Island, Wyoming

States currently under litigation for ballot access: Nevada, Oklahoma

States with no ballot access: South Dakota
As write-in: Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina.[71][72]

Nominees

 
Presumptive Green Party Ticket, 2016
Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka
for President for Vice President
 
 
Physician
from Lexington, Massachusetts 		Activist
from Washington, D.C.
Campaign
 
[73]

Other active candidates

Withdrawn candidates

American Delta Party and Reform Party

 
     Access to ballot      Write-in
Main page: Rocky De La Fuente presidential campaign, 2016

Ballot access to 147 electoral votes (305 with write-in)

  • On the ballot: Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming
  • As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia
  • No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming
American Delta Party and Reform Party ticket, 2016
Roque "Rocky" De La Fuente Michael Steinberg
for President for Vice President
200x200px
 
Business Tycoon Lawyer from Florida
Campaign
 

Independents

 
     Access to ballot      Write-in
Main page: Evan McMullin presidential campaign, 2016

Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[76]

  • As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin[76][77][78][79][80][81][82]
  • No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming
Independent ticket, 2016
Evan McMullin Mindy Finn
for President for Vice President
 
 
Chief policy director for the
House Republican Conference (2015–2016) 		President of
Empowered Women
(2015–present)
Campaign
 
[83]

Other parties

American Freedom Party

Ballot Access to 6 electoral votes: Mississippi[84]

  • Bob Whitaker, white nationalist and paleoconservative political activist from South Carolina.[85] Vice-presidential nominee: Tom Bowie, from Maryland[86]

Independent American Party

Ballot Access to 18 Electoral Votes: New Mexico, Oregon, Utah[87]

  • Farley Anderson, activist from Utah.[87] Vice Presidential nominee: Vacant

Party for Socialism and Liberation

Ballot Access to 29 electoral votes: Florida[88]

Prohibition Party

Further information: Prohibition Party

Ballot Access to 21 electoral votes: Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi[90][91][92]

  • James Hedges, Tax Assessor for Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania 2002–2007;[93][94] vice-presidential nominee: Bill Bayes of Mississippi[93]

Peace and Freedom Party & Party of Socialism and Liberation

Ballot Access to 84 electoral votes: California, Florida[95][96]

  • Gloria La Riva, newspaper printer and activist, from New Mexico[97]

Socialist Party USA

Ballot Access to 0 electoral votes[92]

  • Mimi Soltysik, former National Co-chair of the Socialist Party USA from California;[98] vice-presidential nominee: Angela Walker of Wisconsin[98]

Nutrition Party

Ballot Access to 9 electoral votes: Colorado[90]

  • Rod Silva, restaurateur from New Jersey;[99][100] Vice-presidential nominee: Vacant

Veterans Party of America

Ballot Access to 6 electoral votes: Mississippi[101]

  • Chris Keniston, reliability engineer from Texas;[102] vice-presidential nominee: Deacon Taylor of Nevada[103]

Workers World Party

Ballot Access to 0 electoral votes

  • Monica Moorehead, perennial candidate and activist from New Jersey;[104] vice-Presidential nominee: Lamont Lilly[104]

Battleground states

Battleground states during the election were: Nevada, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Florida, New Hampshire, Maine, Ohio and North Carolina. Trump won Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Florida and a congressional district in Maine. Clinton won Nevada, New Hampshire and Maine. Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania were seen as likely 'Blue' states, but Trump won all three states in what was seen as a political upset.

Party conventions

 
 
Philadelphia
 
Cleveland
 
Orlando
 
Houston
 
Salt Lake City
     Democratic Party

     Republican Party      Libertarian Party      Green Party      Constitution Party      Reform Party

Democratic Party
Main page: 2016 Democratic National Convention
Republican Party
Main page: 2016 Republican National Convention
Green Party
Main page: 2016 Green National Convention
Libertarian Party
Main page: 2016 Libertarian National Convention
Constitution Party
Main page: 2016 Constitution Party National Convention
  • April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.[112]
Reform Party
Main page: 2016 Reform Party National Convention
  • July 29–31, 2016: Reform Party National Convention was held in Bohemia, New York.[113]

Debates

On April 1, 2015, the Commission on Presidential Debates a (CPD) announced that each of the following 16 locations are under consideration to host one of the three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate:[114]

The three locations which will host the presidential debates and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate are to be announced by the CPD in the fall of 2015.[114][115]

Results

Candidate Party Votes % Electoral votes
Donald Trump Republican 62,984,825 46.09% 304
Hillary Clinton Democratic 65,853,516 48.18% 227
Colin Powell Republican 25 0.00% 3
Bernie Sanders Independent 111,850 0.08% 1
John Kasich Republican 2,684 0.00% 1
Ron Paul Libertarian 124 0.00% 1
Faith Spotted Eagle None 0 0.00% 1
Gary Johnson Libertarian 4,489,221 3.28% 0
Jill Stein Green Party 1,457,216 1.07% 0
Evan McMullin Independent 731,788 0.54% 0
Darrell Castle Constitution 203,010 0.15% 0
Gloria La Riva Peace and Freedom 74,392 0.05% 0
Others 760,586 0.56% 0
Total 136,669,237 100% 538

Margin of victory

  • Blue shows Clinton's margin of victory over Trump, while red shows Trump's margin of victory over Clinton.
State Trump % Clinton % Margin
Alabama 62.1% 34.4% 27.7%
Alaska 51.3% 36.6% 14.7%
Arizona 48.7% 45.1% 3.6%
Arkansas 60.6% 33.7% 26.9%
California 31.6% 61.7% 30.1%
Colorado 43.3% 48.2% 4.9%
Connecticut 40.9% 54.6% 13.7%
Delaware 41.7% 53.1% 11.4%
District of Columbia 4.1% 90.5% 86.4%
Florida 49.0% 47.8% 1.2%
Georgia 50.8% 45.6% 5.2%
Hawaii 30.0% 62.2% 32.2%
Idaho 59.3% 27.5% 31.8%
Illinois 38.8% 55.8% 17.0%
Indiana 56.8% 37.9% 18.9%
Iowa 51.2% 41.7% 9.5%
Kansas 56.7% 36.1% 20.6%
Kentucky 62.5% 32.7% 29.8%
Louisiana 58.1% 38.5% 19.6%
Maine 44.9% 47.8% 2.9%
Maryland 33.9% 60.3% 26.4%
Massachusetts 32.8% 60.0% 27.2%
Michigan 47.5% 47.3% 0.2%
Minnesota 44.9% 46.4% 1.5%
Mississippi 57.9% 40.1% 17.8%
Missouri 56.8% 38.1% 18.7%
Montana 56.2% 35.8% 20.4%
Nebraska 58.8% 33.7% 25.1%
Nevada 45.5% 47.9% 2.4%
New Hampshire 46.6% 47.0% 0.4%
New Jersey 41.0% 55.0% 14.0%
New Mexico 40.0% 48.3% 8.3%
New York 36.5% 59.0% 22.5%
North Carolina 49.8% 46.2% 3.6%
North Dakota 63.0% 27.2% 35.8%
Ohio 51.7% 43.6% 8.1%
Oklahoma 65.3% 28.9% 36.4%
Oregon 39.1% 50.1% 11.0%
Pennsylvania 48.2% 47.5% 0.7%
Rhode Island 38.9% 54.4% 15.5%
South Carolina 54.9% 40.7% 14.2%
South Dakota 61.5% 31.7% 29.8%
Tennessee 60.7% 34.7% 26.0%
Texas 52.2% 43.2% 9.0%
Utah 45.5% 27.5% 18.0%
Vermont 30.3% 56.7% 26.4%
Virginia 44.4% 49.7% 5.3%
Washington 36.8% 52.5% 15.7%
West Virginia 68.5% 26.4% 42.1%
Wisconsin 47.2% 46.5% 0.7%
Wyoming 67.4% 21.6% 45.8%

The following table shows the swing in each state compared to the 2012 election.

State 2016 Rep % 2012 Rep % 2016 Dem % 2012 Dem % Rep Change Dem Change
Alabama 62.1% 60.6% 34.4% 38.4% +1.5% –4.0%
Alaska 51.3% 54.8% 36.6% 40.8% –3.5% –4.2%
Arizona 48.7% 53.7% 45.1% 44.6% –5.0% +0.5%
Arkansas 60.6% 60.6% 33.7% 36.9% 0.0% –3.2%
California 31.6% 37.1% 61.7% 60.2% –5.5% +1.5%
Colorado 43.3% 46.1% 48.2% 51.5% –2.8% –3.3%
Connecticut 40.9% 40.7% 54.6% 58.1% +0.2% –3.5%
Delaware 41.7% 40.0% 53.1% 58.6% +1.7% –5.5%
District of Columbia 4.1% 7.3% 90.5% 90.9% –3.2% –0.4%
Florida 49.0% 49.1% 47.8% 50.0% –0.1% –2.2%
Georgia 50.8% 53.3% 45.6% 45.5% –2.5% +0.1%
Hawaii 30.0% 27.8% 62.2% 70.6% +2.2% –8.4%
Idaho 59.3% 64.5% 27.5% 32.6% –5.2% –5.1%
Illinois 38.8% 40.7% 55.8% 57.6% –1.9% –1.8%
Indiana 56.8% 54.1% 37.9% 43.9% +2.7% –6.0%
Iowa 51.2% 46.2% 41.7% 52.0% +5.0% –10.3%
Kansas 56.7% 59.7% 36.1% 38.0% –3.0% –1.9%
Kentucky 62.5% 60.5% 32.7% 37.8% +2.0% –5.1%
Louisiana 58.1% 57.8% 38.5% 40.6% +0.3% –2.1%
Maine 44.9% 41.0% 47.8% 56.3% +3.9% –8.5%
Maryland 33.9% 35.9% 60.3% 62.0% –2.0% –1.7%
Massachusetts 32.8% 37.5% 60.0% 60.7% –4.7% –0.7%
Michigan 47.5% 44.7% 47.3% 54.2% +2.8% –6.9%
Minnesota 44.9% 45.0% 46.4% 52.7% –0.1% –6.3%
Mississippi 57.9% 55.3% 40.1% 43.8% +2.6% –3.7%
Missouri 56.8% 53.8% 38.1% 44.4% +3.0% –6.3%
Montana 56.2% 55.4% 35.8% 41.7% +0.8% –5.9%
Nebraska 58.8% 59.8% 33.7% 38.0% –1.0% –4.3%
Nevada 45.5% 45.7% 47.9% 52.4% –0.2% –4.5%
New Hampshire 46.6% 46.4% 47.0% 52.0% +0.2% –5.0%
New Jersey 41.0% 40.6% 55.0% 58.4% +0.4% –3.4%
New Mexico 40.0% 42.8% 48.3% 53.0% –2.8% –4.7%
New York 36.5% 35.2% 59.0% 63.4% +1.3% –4.4%
North Carolina 49.8% 50.4% 46.2% 48.4% –0.6% –2.2%
North Dakota 63.0% 58.3% 27.2% 38.7% +4.7% –11.5%
Ohio 51.7% 47.7% 43.6% 50.7% +4.0% –7.1%
Oklahoma 65.3% 66.8% 28.9% 33.2% –1.5% –4.3%
Oregon 39.1% 42.2% 50.1% 54.2% –3.1% –4.1%
Pennsylvania 48.2% 46.6% 47.5% 52.0% +1.6% –4.5%
Rhode Island 38.9% 35.2% 54.4% 62.7% +3.7% –8.3%
South Carolina 54.9% 54.6% 40.7% 44.1% +0.3% –3.4%
South Dakota 61.5% 57.9% 31.7% 39.9% +3.6% –8.2%
Tennessee 60.7% 59.5% 34.7% 39.1% +1.2% –4.4%
Texas 52.2% 57.2% 43.2% 41.4% –5.0% +1.8%
Utah 45.5% 72.8% 27.5% 24.8% –27.3% +2.7%
Vermont 30.3% 31.0% 56.7% 66.6% –0.7% –9.9%
Virginia 44.4% 47.3% 49.7% 51.2% –2.9% –1.5%
Washington 36.8% 41.3% 52.5% 56.2% –4.5% –3.7%
West Virginia 68.5% 62.3% 26.4% 35.5% +6.2% –9.1%
Wisconsin 47.2% 45.9% 46.5% 52.8% +1.3% –6.3%
Wyoming 67.4% 68.6% 21.6% 27.8% –1.2% –6.2%
Total 46.1% 47.2% 48.2% 51.1% –1.1% –2.9%

References

  1. ↑ ("Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2018.) ("Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2016". United States Census Bureau. May 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.)
  2. ↑ "In major upset, Donald Trump wins the presidency".
  3. ↑ "Clinton wins popular vote by nearly 2.9 million". Associated Press. December 22, 2016. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2c7a5afc13824161a25d8574e10ff4e7/clinton-wins-popular-vote-nearly-29-million. Retrieved January 8, 2017. 
  4. ↑ Stout, Christopher Timothy; Le, Danvy (October 8, 2012). "Living the Dream: Barack Obama and Blacks' Changing Perceptions of the American Dream". Social Science Quarterly. 93 (5): 1338–1359. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00915.x. ISSN 0038-4941.
  5. ↑ "Inaugural Address of PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA". The Black Scholar. 38 (4): 2–5. 2008. doi:10.1080/00064246.2008.11413464. ISSN 0006-4246. JSTOR 41069357. S2CID 147680023.
  6. ↑ Chozick, Amy. "Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/13/us/politics/hillary-clinton-2016-presidential-campaign.html. Retrieved April 12, 2015. 
  7. ↑ Karni, Annie (April 12, 2015). "Hillary Clinton formally announces 2016 run". Politico. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Hillary Rodham Clinton FEC filing" (PDF). FEC. April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton".
  10. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (2016). Tony Roza (ed.). "Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  11. ↑ Yglesias, Matthew (February 1, 2016) "Iowa Results: Martin O'Malley drops out after third place finish", Vox.com. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  12. ↑ Fritze, John (June 9, 2016). "Martin O'Malley endorses Hillary Clinton". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  13. ↑ Merica, Dan; LoBianco, Tom (October 23, 2015) "Lincoln Chafee drops out of Democratic primary race", CNN.com. Retrieved October 23, 2015
  14. ↑ Walsh, Michael (October 20, 2015) "Jim Webb drops out of Democratic primary race", Yahoo! Politics. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Donald Trump is running for president". Business Insider. June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Donald Trump announces presidential bid". The Washington Post. June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Donald Trump FEC filing" (PDF). FEC.gov. June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  18. ↑ "John Kasich FEC Filing" (PDF). FEC.gov. July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  19. ↑ Mascaro, Lisa and David Lauter (March 22, 2015). "Texas Republican Sen. Ted Cruz Launches Presidential Bid". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  20. ↑ Zezima, Katie (March 23, 2015). "Ted Cruz Announces He's Running for President". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Ted Cruz FEC filing" (PDF). FEC.gov. March 23, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  22. ↑ Parker, Ashley (April 13, 2015). Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/politics/marco-rubio-2016-presidential-campaign.html?smid=tw-bna. Retrieved April 13, 2015. 
  23. ↑ Nelson, Rebecca (April 13, 2015) "Marco Rubio Makes His Pitch as the Fresh Face of the GOP in 2016", National Journal. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Marco Rubio FEC Filing" (PDF). FEC.gov. April 13, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  25. ↑ Terris, Ben (May 3, 2015). Ben Carson announces presidential campaign. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/05/03/ben-carson-to-announce-presidential-campaign-monday/. Retrieved May 4, 2015. 
  26. ↑ Rafferty , Andrew (May 4, 2015). "Ben Carson Announces 2016 Run". NBCNews.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
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